{"id":25302,"date":"2004-08-13T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2004-08-13T05:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.dejusticia.org\/the-true-judicial-activism-the-supreme-court-of-the-united-status-establishes-limits-on-the-fight-on-terrorism\/"},"modified":"2017-04-11T07:17:26","modified_gmt":"2017-04-11T12:17:26","slug":"the-true-judicial-activism-the-supreme-court-of-the-united-status-establishes-limits-on-the-fight-on-terrorism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/the-true-judicial-activism-the-supreme-court-of-the-united-status-establishes-limits-on-the-fight-on-terrorism\/","title":{"rendered":"The True Judicial Activism: The Supreme Court of the United Status establishes limits on the fight on terrorism"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u00bfEn un Estado de derecho, cu\u00e1les son los l\u00edmites al poder del ejecutivo para enfrentar el terrorismo? \u00bfPuede un Estado, aun combatiendo el terrorismo, detener personas indefinidamente sin acceso a un abogado y sin la garant\u00eda de revisi\u00f3n judicial de las causas de su detenci\u00f3n? La Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos acaba de resolver estas preguntas en dos casos, Hamdi vs. Rumsfeld y Rasul vs. Bush. Las sentencias de la Corte muestran que la existencia de un Estado de derecho exige la configuraci\u00f3n de unas garant\u00edas m\u00ednimas que no pueden ser limitadas aun en momentos extremos, como el actual, llamado de &#8216;lucha contra el terrorismo&#8217;. Estas decisiones son importantes dentro del contexto colombiano por dos razones. Por una parte, muestran c\u00f3mo en un sistema democr\u00e1tico la divisi\u00f3n de poderes as\u00ed como el sistema de frenos y contrapesos est\u00e1n dise\u00f1ados para evitar los intentos de concentraci\u00f3n de facultades en una de las ramas. En estos casos particulares, la rama judicial est\u00e1 vigilando que el poder ejecutivo no se atribuya poderes excesivos y de esta forma est\u00e1 garantizando el ejercicio eficaz de los derechos fundamentales. Por otra parte, las sentencias muestran que aun la lucha contra el terrorismo tiene unas limitaciones consagradas constitucionalmente que no pueden ser violadas. <\/p>\n<p>Los casos ante la Corte Suprema de Estados Unidos <\/p>\n<p>Ramdi vs. Rumsfeld. \u00bfQu\u00e9 garantiza el debido proceso? <\/p>\n<p>El caso de Hamdi vs. Rumsfeld se refiere a un ciudadano norteamericano, Yasir Esam Hamdi, que fue capturado en Afganist\u00e1n en 2001. Hamdi fue enviado a Guant\u00e1namo en primera instancia, pero al descubrirse su nacionalidad americana fue trasladado a una prisi\u00f3n militar en Carolina del Sur, donde ha permanecido durante m\u00e1s de dos a\u00f1os sin comunicaci\u00f3n y hasta hace s\u00f3lo algunos meses, sin acceso a un abogado. Hamdi fue calificado de &#8216;enemigo combatiente&#8217;, una categor\u00eda legal consagrada en la ley de autorizaci\u00f3n para el uso de la fuerza militar (Authorization for Use of Military Force Act), aprobada por el Congreso de Estados Unidos despu\u00e9s del 11 de septiembre. Esta ley autoriza al Presidente a utilizar toda la fuerza necesaria en contra de naciones, organizaciones o personas que, seg\u00fan su criterio, han facilitado o participado directamente en los ataques del 11 de septiembre. Hamdi, al ser considerado un &#8216;enemigo combatiente&#8217; podr\u00eda permanecer detenido -como en efecto lo ha estado desde 2001- sin comunicaci\u00f3n y sin acceso a un abogado. El padre de Hamdi elev\u00f3 una petici\u00f3n de habeas corpus -una garant\u00eda procesal que exige a sus captores justificar ante una corte la detenci\u00f3n de una persona- alegando que su hijo no estaba luchando con el ej\u00e9rcito Talib\u00e1n sino que estaba realizando trabajos voluntarios de car\u00e1cter humanitario. El ej\u00e9rcito norteamericano contest\u00f3 con un memorando de nueve p\u00e1rrafos, sin mostrar ninguna prueba que justificara el concepto de &#8216;enemigo combatiente&#8217;. En primera instancia, la corte federal le pidi\u00f3 al gobierno elaborar un documento con pruebas suficientes como el exigido normalmente en los procesos penales. En la apelaci\u00f3n, el Tribunal le dio la raz\u00f3n al ejecutivo estableciendo que el Presidente como jefe m\u00e1ximo de las fuerzas armadas tiene el poder constitucional de declarar como &#8216;enemigo combatiente&#8217; a una persona capturada en cualquier escenario de operaciones militares y como consecuencia ninguna Corte tiene el poder de revisar este acto del ejecutivo. Los abogados del padre de Hamdi llevaron el caso ante la Corte Suprema de Justicia, que enmarc\u00f3 el asunto de acuerdo con la siguiente pregunta: \u00bfPuede el Presidente, en ejercicio de los poderes otorgados en la ley, detener ciudadanos clasificados como enemigos combatientes, eliminando la posibilidad de someter esta clasificaci\u00f3n a la revisi\u00f3n judicial? La Corte respondi\u00f3 definiendo el principio constitucional del debido proceso. De acuerdo con la sentencia, un aspecto fundamental del debido proceso es el conocimiento de las pruebas que justifican la caracterizaci\u00f3n del detenido como &#8216;enemigo combatiente&#8217;. Estas pruebas deben ser revisadas por un tribunal independiente y al detenido se le debe permitir la asesor\u00eda de un abogado. Estas condiciones m\u00ednimas, de acuerdo con la Corte, garantizan el debido proceso exigido por la Constituci\u00f3n de los Estados Unidos, principio que debe ser aplicado en todos los casos sin excepci\u00f3n. <\/p>\n<p>Rasul vs. Bush <\/p>\n<p>El lugar de cautiverio y la solicitud de habeas corpus <\/p>\n<p>Shafiq Rasul, un ciudadano brit\u00e1nico junto con otros 14 extranjeros (kuwait\u00edes y australianos) elevaron una petici\u00f3n de habeas corpus ante la Corte Federal del Distrito de Columbia. Rasul se encontraba entre los 600 detenidos en la base militar de Guant\u00e1namo, Cuba. Tanto la Corte en primera instancia como el Tribunal en segunda negaron las solicitudes de los detenidos alegando que el habeas corpus s\u00f3lo se puede interponer ante cortes federales &#8220;en sus respectivas jurisdicciones&#8221;, y como el gobierno de Estados Unidos no ejerce soberan\u00eda sobre Guant\u00e1namo, los jueces norteamericanos no eran competentes. La Corte Suprema estableci\u00f3 que el t\u00e9rmino &#8216;respectiva jurisdicci\u00f3n&#8217; no significa el lugar donde se encuentran los detenidos sino donde los oficiales responsables de su detenci\u00f3n se encuentren, y que cuando el gobierno mantiene prisioneros en territorio extranjero bajo su control efectivo y permanente pero sin la jurisdicci\u00f3n de ninguna corte federal, la petici\u00f3n de habeas corpus puede solicitarse ante cualquier corte federal que tenga jurisdicci\u00f3n sobre el Presidente de los Estados Unidos. <\/p>\n<p>Reflexiones finales <\/p>\n<p>Estas decisiones de la Corte Suprema de Estados Unidos contribuyen a ilustrar el debate en la Corte Constitucional colombiana, que deber\u00e1 pronunciarse sobre la ley estatutaria que reglamenta el estatuto antiterrorista. Una primera reflexi\u00f3n se refiere al deber constitucional que tienen los jueces de limitar los excesos del ejecutivo con el fin de garantizar la protecci\u00f3n de algunos derechos fundamentales. Adicionalmente, el caso norteamericano ense\u00f1a como aun en medio de circunstancias de inseguridad generadas por un fen\u00f3meno de dif\u00edcil definici\u00f3n como el terrorismo, todas las ramas del poder p\u00fablico deben velar por la protecci\u00f3n de los derechos fundamentales como la libertad y el debido proceso. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In a democracy, what are the limits of power of the executive to confront terrorism?  Can a democracy, even when fighting terrorism, detain people indefinitely without access to a lawyer and without the guarantee of judicial review of the cause of his detention?  The Supreme Court of the United States resolved these questions in two cases: Hamdi v. Rumsfeld and Rasul v. Bush.  The opinions of the Supreme Court demonstrate that a democracy requires minimum guarantees that cannot be limited even in extreme circumstances, as in the current one, &#8216;the fight against terrorism&#8217;.  These opinions are important within a Colombian context for two reasons.  In one way, they show that in a democratic system there is a division of powers as in the system of breaks and counterweights which is designed to avoid the total control of one branch of government.  In these cases in particular, the judicial branch kept the executive power from being excessive and thus guaranteed the efficient exercise of fundamental rights.  On the other hand, the opinions show that even the fight against terrorism has constitutional limitations that cannot be violated.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":16,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1022],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-25302","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","medium-semana-en","post-scope-aaa-not-blog"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.9 (Yoast SEO v25.9) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>The True Judicial Activism: The Supreme Court of the United Status establishes limits on the fight on terrorism - Dejusticia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/el-verdadero-activismo-judicial-la-corte-suprema-de-los-estados-unidos-establece-limites-a-la-lucha-antiterrorista\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The True Judicial Activism: The Supreme Court of the United Status establishes limits on the fight on terrorism\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In a democracy, what are the limits of power of the executive to confront terrorism? Can a democracy, even when fighting terrorism, detain people indefinitely without access to a lawyer and without the guarantee of judicial review of the cause of his detention? The Supreme Court of the United States resolved these questions in two cases: Hamdi v. Rumsfeld and Rasul v. Bush. The opinions of the Supreme Court demonstrate that a democracy requires minimum guarantees that cannot be limited even in extreme circumstances, as in the current one, &#039;the fight against terrorism&#039;. These opinions are important within a Colombian context for two reasons. In one way, they show that in a democratic system there is a division of powers as in the system of breaks and counterweights which is designed to avoid the total control of one branch of government. In these cases in particular, the judicial branch kept the executive power from being excessive and thus guaranteed the efficient exercise of fundamental rights. 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Can a democracy, even when fighting terrorism, detain people indefinitely without access to a lawyer and without the guarantee of judicial review of the cause of his detention? The Supreme Court of the United States resolved these questions in two cases: Hamdi v. Rumsfeld and Rasul v. Bush. The opinions of the Supreme Court demonstrate that a democracy requires minimum guarantees that cannot be limited even in extreme circumstances, as in the current one, 'the fight against terrorism'. These opinions are important within a Colombian context for two reasons. In one way, they show that in a democratic system there is a division of powers as in the system of breaks and counterweights which is designed to avoid the total control of one branch of government. In these cases in particular, the judicial branch kept the executive power from being excessive and thus guaranteed the efficient exercise of fundamental rights. On the other hand, the opinions show that even the fight against terrorism has constitutional limitations that cannot be violated.","og_url":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/el-verdadero-activismo-judicial-la-corte-suprema-de-los-estados-unidos-establece-limites-a-la-lucha-antiterrorista\/","og_site_name":"Dejusticia","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Dejusticia\/","article_published_time":"2004-08-13T05:00:00+00:00","article_modified_time":"2017-04-11T12:17:26+00:00","author":"Helena Alviar Garc\u00eda","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@dejusticia","twitter_site":"@dejusticia","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Helena Alviar Garc\u00eda","Est. reading time":"5 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":["Article","NewsArticle"],"@id":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/el-verdadero-activismo-judicial-la-corte-suprema-de-los-estados-unidos-establece-limites-a-la-lucha-antiterrorista\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/el-verdadero-activismo-judicial-la-corte-suprema-de-los-estados-unidos-establece-limites-a-la-lucha-antiterrorista\/"},"author":{"name":"Helena Alviar Garc\u00eda","@id":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/#\/schema\/person\/38b8d762af30ce519728114a5fc5ee83"},"headline":"The True Judicial Activism: The Supreme Court of the United Status establishes limits on the fight on terrorism","datePublished":"2004-08-13T05:00:00+00:00","dateModified":"2017-04-11T12:17:26+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/el-verdadero-activismo-judicial-la-corte-suprema-de-los-estados-unidos-establece-limites-a-la-lucha-antiterrorista\/"},"wordCount":1045,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/#organization"},"inLanguage":"en-US","copyrightYear":"2004","copyrightHolder":{"@id":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/#organization"}},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/el-verdadero-activismo-judicial-la-corte-suprema-de-los-estados-unidos-establece-limites-a-la-lucha-antiterrorista\/","url":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/el-verdadero-activismo-judicial-la-corte-suprema-de-los-estados-unidos-establece-limites-a-la-lucha-antiterrorista\/","name":"The True Judicial Activism: The Supreme Court of the United Status establishes limits on the fight on terrorism - 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