{"id":25312,"date":"2004-10-01T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2004-10-01T05:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.dejusticia.org\/the-weakness-of-a-strong-state\/"},"modified":"2017-04-11T07:17:33","modified_gmt":"2017-04-11T12:17:33","slug":"the-weakness-of-a-strong-state","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/the-weakness-of-a-strong-state\/","title":{"rendered":"The weakness of a strong state"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>La gran mayor\u00eda de los colombianos eligi\u00f3 a \u00c1lvaro Uribe como presidente porque quer\u00eda un Estado fuerte. Un Estado que diera por terminados los devaneos del proceso de paz con la subversi\u00f3n y la situaci\u00f3n de indignidad en que nos hab\u00eda puesto la zona de distensi\u00f3n. Luego de dos a\u00f1os del gobierno Uribe la dignidad del Estado se encuentra de nuevo por el suelo, esta vez a causa del proceso de paz que se sigue en Santa Fe de Ralito. Ante los paramilitares, el gobierno de Uribe parece tanto o m\u00e1s d\u00e9bil que el de Pastrana frente a la guerrilla. \u00bfD\u00f3nde qued\u00f3 entonces la promesa del Estado fuerte? <\/p>\n<p>Los presidentes en Colombia suelen tener una visi\u00f3n m\u00e1s pol\u00edtica que estatal del poder que ejercen. Piensan que al Estado se llega para eliminar a quienes consideran sus enemigos, que para ellos son los enemigos de la sociedad. A eso se reducen sus objetivos de paz y de fortalecimiento institucional. La idea de someter a quienes tienen tanto poder como el Estado mismo, y que, en principio, no se consideran como enemigos, no cuenta como fortalecimiento institucional. M\u00e1s a\u00fan, el Estado necesita de estos poderosos no-enemigos para mantener su modelo de paz e institucionalidad. Como se piensa que lo institucional no va m\u00e1s all\u00e1 del establecimiento del orden, los gobiernos negocian, delegan o relegan en esos otros poderosos no-enemigos la funci\u00f3n de pacificar las regiones apartadas del pa\u00eds. <\/p>\n<p>En los tiempos de la colonia el Estado espa\u00f1ol s\u00f3lo controlaba los comportamientos sociales de quienes viv\u00edan en los centros urbanos. Dicha incapacidad se compensaba con la labor de la Iglesia, la cual ten\u00eda un mayor poder para incidir en la parte interna y perif\u00e9rica del tejido social. As\u00ed se cre\u00f3 una especie de divisi\u00f3n del trabajo pol\u00edtico entre el Estado, que controlaba los hechos o el &#8220;comportamiento externo&#8221;, y la Iglesia que dominaba las almas o el &#8220;comportamiento interno&#8221;. Pero con la independencia la labor de la Iglesia se fue paulatinamente desdibujando y entonces empez\u00f3 a ser sustituida por otros actores sociales tales como los gamonales, los caciques y las oligarqu\u00edas locales. Durante a\u00f1os, por no decir siglos, estos intermediarios han cumplido la funci\u00f3n de imponer un cierto orden e incluso una cierta equidad social en localidades en las cuales el Estado no llega o no quiere llegar. <\/p>\n<p>La historia reciente muestra los mismos intermediarios de siempre pero enriquecidos por el narcotr\u00e1fico y envalentonados por las armas. Aunque, a decir verdad, ni las armas ni la conexi\u00f3n con la econom\u00eda ilegal o semiilegal es nuevo en los intermediarios. Ah\u00ed est\u00e1n los de la bonanza del caucho y los esmeralderos como ejemplos. <\/p>\n<p>As\u00ed la historia se repite: desde cuando Bol\u00edvar negoci\u00f3 con el general P\u00e1ez para salvar su proyecto de la Gran Colombia, hasta los guerrilleros del Cagu\u00e1n y los paramilitares de Santa Fe de Ralito, pasando por los llamados &#8220;supremos&#8221; de mediados del siglo XIX, los chulavitas de la Violencia y el Pablo Escobar de la Catedral, el Estado, por voluntad, por presi\u00f3n, por conveniencia o por negligencia cede territorios, poderes, prerrogativas, dinero, todo, con tal de mantener una precaria estabilidad en los territorios que no controla, que son la mayor parte del pa\u00eds. <\/p>\n<p>Pero un Estado fuerte no es un Estado que simplemente se contenta con la paz del env\u00edo de tropas o con la delegaci\u00f3n de funciones en los intermediarios. Un estado fuerte es un Estado que crea institucionalidad, y para ello se requiere de por lo menos dos cosas: primero, poder imponer sus decisiones ante cualquier poder o persona, incluso por la fuerza si es necesario, esto es, lograr aquello que Hobbes llamaba el imperium y, segundo, poder obtener reconocimiento y legitimidad de la poblaci\u00f3n, incluso cuando se usa la fuerza para someter a los insumisos. La primera es una &#8220;capacidad de imposici\u00f3n&#8221; mientras que la segunda es una &#8220;capacidad de legitimaci\u00f3n&#8221;. Ambas son necesarias para crear un Estado democr\u00e1ticamente fuerte. Pero claro, eso toma tiempo y es m\u00e1s costoso econ\u00f3mica y pol\u00edticamente. <\/p>\n<p>El gobierno se preocupa m\u00e1s por ganar la guerra en el campo de batalla que por construir instituciones fuertes en la mente y en el comportamiento de los colombianos. Deber\u00eda preocuparse por ambas cosas. No sea que pierda la primera por culpa de no lograr la segunda. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The great majority of Colombians chose Alvaro Uribe as their president because they wanted a strong state.  That state ended the idle pursuit of peace with subversion and ended the unworthy situation of the people by putting them into a relaxed atmosphere.  After two years of Uribe government, the dignity of the state has once again found itself at rock bottom, this time caused by the process of peace of the Holy Faith of Ralito.  Before the paramilitary, the Uribe government seemed as weak as or weaker than that of Pastrana in front of guerrilla warfare.  Where is this promise of a strong state?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1022],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-25312","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","medium-semana-en","post-scope-aaa-not-blog"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.9 (Yoast SEO v25.9) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>The weakness of a strong state - Dejusticia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.dejusticia.org\/la-debilidad-del-estado-fuerte\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The weakness of a strong state\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The great majority of Colombians chose Alvaro Uribe as their president because they wanted a strong state. That state ended the idle pursuit of peace with subversion and ended the unworthy situation of the people by putting them into a relaxed atmosphere. After two years of Uribe government, the dignity of the state has once again found itself at rock bottom, this time caused by the process of peace of the Holy Faith of Ralito. Before the paramilitary, the Uribe government seemed as weak as or weaker than that of Pastrana in front of guerrilla warfare. 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