{"id":26219,"date":"2008-12-26T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2008-12-26T05:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.dejusticia.org\/the-victory-of-turbay-ayala\/"},"modified":"2017-04-11T07:28:51","modified_gmt":"2017-04-11T12:28:51","slug":"the-victory-of-turbay-ayala","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/the-victory-of-turbay-ayala\/","title":{"rendered":"The Victory of Turbay Ayala"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u201cNO TODO EL MUNDO TUVO LA SUERte de tener 20 a\u00f1os en Mayo de 1968 en Par\u00eds\u201d, escribi\u00f3 alguna vez el intelectual franc\u00e9s R\u00e9gis Debray.<\/p>\n<p>Cuando le\u00ed esa frase, hace ya muchos a\u00f1os, pens\u00e9 para mis adentros que yo no s\u00f3lo no hab\u00eda tenido la suerte de Debray, sino que hab\u00eda tenido la desgracia de cumplir veinte a\u00f1os en Colombia durante el gobierno de Julio C\u00e9sar Turbay Ayala. Hoy me vienen a la mente esas comparaciones cuando leo el libro de Francisco Guti\u00e9rrez \u00bfLo que el viento se llev\u00f3? Los partidos pol\u00edticos y la democracia en Colombia 1958 y 2002.<\/p>\n<p>Se trata de un libro sorprendente y brillante cuya tesis fundamental puede ser sintetizada en los siguientes tres puntos. 1) El Partido Liberal ha sido mayoritario y poderoso, a tal punto que su historia tiende a confundirse con la historia del sistema pol\u00edtico colombiano. 2) A partir del Frente Nacional la competencia pol\u00edtica se traslad\u00f3 al interior de los partidos, es decir a la lucha entre facciones, y 3) en el Partido Liberal hab\u00eda dos tendencias: la primera, liderada por Carlos Lleras Restrepo, la segunda, por Turbay Ayala. Triunf\u00f3 esta \u00faltima y desde entonces el sistema pol\u00edtico colombiano y la democracia han estado moldeados por esa facci\u00f3n pol\u00edtica.<\/p>\n<p>La victoria de Turbay Ayala trajo consigo el triunfo de las ideas de derecha y del inmovilismo institucional. Pero eso fue lo de menos; con Turbay se desprestigi\u00f3 la pol\u00edtica entendida como debate de ideas y se impuso la pol\u00edtica como negocio, como pacto entre barones pol\u00edticos que ofrec\u00edan incentivos materiales \u2014un lote, un puesto\u2026\u2014 y clientelas que entregaban sus votos a cambio. Los pactos se hac\u00edan a costa del modelo de virtud p\u00fablica que propon\u00eda el Llerismo. De esta manera triunf\u00f3 una especie de ceguera moral o de complacencia con la ilegalidad.<\/p>\n<p>Lo que viene despu\u00e9s \u2014en los noventa\u2014 es una radicalizaci\u00f3n del modelo turbayista: el partido y los barones departamentales perdieron el poder que ten\u00edan y fueron sustituidos por los pol\u00edticos locales. Los pactos \u2014esta vez entre los congresistas y sus clientelas\u2014 se hicieron a espaldas del Directorio Liberal y se volvieron m\u00e1s locales y m\u00e1s dispersos.<\/p>\n<p>Los partidos se desprestigiaron pero eso no afect\u00f3 la manera de hacer pol\u00edtica. El localismo y los negocios turbios se mantuvieron. S\u00f3lo cambiaron las formas, el lenguaje. En la d\u00e9cada de los noventa \u2014dice Guti\u00e9rrez\u2014 hab\u00eda dos rutas para sobrevivir en pol\u00edtica: o actuar como los barones de los ochenta o criticarlos; ambas rutas se fueron, poco a poco, fundiendo en una sola: actuar como ellos, pero condenando a los partidos tradicionales. \u00c1lvaro Uribe es uno de esos nuevos-viejos pol\u00edticos exitosos. Con su provincialismo, su clientelismo, su conservadurismo y su tolerancia con ciertas formas de ilegalidad, Uribe es, a mi juicio \u2014el libro s\u00f3lo se ocupa tangencialmente de Uribe\u2014 una muestra patente de la supervivencia turbayista.<\/p>\n<p>Los estudios cl\u00e1sicos del r\u00e9gimen pol\u00edtico colombiano muestran c\u00f3mo en Colombia hemos tenido m\u00e1s partidos pol\u00edticos que democracia y que instituciones. El libro de Guti\u00e9rrez agrega un elemento m\u00e1s en esta trist\u00edsima historia: en las \u00faltimas d\u00e9cadas, con el triunfo de la cultura pol\u00edtica turbayista, hemos tenido m\u00e1s pol\u00edticos y m\u00e1s pactos pol\u00edticos que partidos y por supuesto, m\u00e1s de todo eso que de democracia y de constitucionalismo. Gan\u00f3 Turbay y perdi\u00f3 el pa\u00eds.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&#8220;Not everyone had the luck to have 20 years in May in 1968 in Paris&#8221;, wrote the french intellectual R\u00e9gis Debray. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1022],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-26219","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","medium-el-espectador-en","post-scope-aaa-not-blog"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.9 (Yoast SEO v25.9) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>The Victory of Turbay Ayala - Dejusticia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/la-victoria-de-turbay-ayala\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Victory of Turbay Ayala\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"&quot;Not everyone had the luck to have 20 years in May in 1968 in Paris&quot;, wrote the french intellectual R\u00e9gis Debray.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/la-victoria-de-turbay-ayala\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Dejusticia\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Dejusticia\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2008-12-26T05:00:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2017-04-11T12:28:51+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Mauricio Garc\u00eda Villegas\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@dejusticia\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@dejusticia\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Mauricio Garc\u00eda Villegas\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":[\"Article\",\"NewsArticle\"],\"@id\":\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/la-victoria-de-turbay-ayala\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/la-victoria-de-turbay-ayala\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Mauricio Garc\u00eda Villegas\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/#\/schema\/person\/d5933ad4c269c4b6c2acbf717ceeb0d6\"},\"headline\":\"The Victory of Turbay Ayala\",\"datePublished\":\"2008-12-26T05:00:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2017-04-11T12:28:51+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/la-victoria-de-turbay-ayala\/\"},\"wordCount\":601,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/#organization\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"copyrightYear\":\"2008\",\"copyrightHolder\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/#organization\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/la-victoria-de-turbay-ayala\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/la-victoria-de-turbay-ayala\/\",\"name\":\"The Victory of Turbay Ayala - 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