{"id":26247,"date":"2009-02-04T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2009-02-04T05:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.dejusticia.org\/the-return-of-the-leaders\/"},"modified":"2017-04-11T07:29:23","modified_gmt":"2017-04-11T12:29:23","slug":"the-return-of-the-leaders","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/the-return-of-the-leaders\/","title":{"rendered":"The return of the Leaders"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>En 1912, el peruano Francisco Garc\u00eda Calder\u00f3n public\u00f3 su libro \u201cLas Democracias Latinas de Am\u00e9rica\u201d, en el que analizaba la historia pol\u00edtica de los pa\u00edses latinoamericanos durante el siglo XIX. El libro se constituy\u00f3 en una referencia obligada para los estudios sobre la regi\u00f3n. <\/p>\n<p>En su libro, Garc\u00eda planteaba que en el siglo XIX todos los pa\u00edses latinoamericanos se hab\u00edan dado constituciones admirables, en las que se encontraban contemplados los principios de gobierno que reg\u00edan las grandes democracias liberales de la \u00e9poca, tales como el equilibrio de poderes, la elecci\u00f3n de asambleas representativas, la independencia judicial, la libertad de prensa, los derechos de las personas, etc. <\/p>\n<p>Sin embargo, al mismo tiempo manifestaba que la realidad contradec\u00eda el idealismo contenido en esas constituciones, puesto que, en verdad, la vida pol\u00edtica de nuestros pa\u00edses estaba al vaiv\u00e9n de la voluntad de los caudillos, cuya \u201cautoridad es inviolable, superior a la Constituci\u00f3n y a las leyes.\u201d <\/p>\n<p>El siglo XX nos depar\u00f3 tambi\u00e9n la presencia de m\u00faltiples caudillos en la regi\u00f3n. El abanico se extiende desde aquellos completamente demon\u00edacos, como Somoza y Trujillo, pasa por los grandes l\u00edderes populistas como Per\u00f3n y Getulio Vargas, y llega hasta caudillos como Fidel Castro, que, a pesar de todo, han procurado desempe\u00f1ar un papel de dignidad en una regi\u00f3n que ha actuado tantas veces como colonia despu\u00e9s de su independencia. <\/p>\n<p>Con el proceso de democratizaci\u00f3n iniciado en los a\u00f1os 80 se esperaba dejar atr\u00e1s la sombra caudillista, para poder construir instituciones democr\u00e1ticas y pluralistas en la regi\u00f3n. Ese fue el ideal propuesto. Sin embargo, la tradici\u00f3n pol\u00edtica se cuela por todas las rendijas y amenaza imponerse. <\/p>\n<p>As\u00ed, empezaron a aparecer nuevamente los l\u00edderes irremplazables, los \u00fanicos capaces de garantizar el orden, la prosperidad o el cambio. Con ello comenzaron a o\u00edrse nuevamente voces que hablaban sobre la necesidad de reinstaurar la reelecci\u00f3n presidencial inmediata. De esta manera, se ha convertido en moda constitucional permitir la reelecci\u00f3n inmediata por una vez, con los argumentos plausibles de que los per\u00edodos de gobierno son muy cortos y de que es necesario garantizar una cierta continuidad en las pol\u00edticas gubernamentales. <\/p>\n<p>Pero una sola reelecci\u00f3n inmediata no era suficiente y por eso pas\u00f3 a proponerse una segunda, como lo hizo Fujimori, o una infinita, como lo propone Ch\u00e1vez con su sinceridad caribe\u00f1a. Al fin y al cabo, como lo dicen todos, sin Ch\u00e1vez no puede haber chavismo, sin aquel no puede haber refundaci\u00f3n de la rep\u00fablica, sin el otro no puede haber seguridad ni crecimiento econ\u00f3mico, etc. <\/p>\n<p>Los abanderados de la reelecci\u00f3n permanente mencionan siempre en su defensa que en los reg\u00edmenes parlamentarios es frecuente ver que los primeros ministros permanecen en el cargo durante muchos a\u00f1os. Eso es cierto. A manera de ejemplo, en Alemania, Konrad Adenauer y Helmut Kohl gobernaron 14 y 16 a\u00f1os y, en Inglaterra, Margaret Thatcher y Tony Blair gobernaron durante 11 y 10 a\u00f1os, respectivamente. <\/p>\n<p>Pero, por una parte, la tradici\u00f3n, la historia y los contextos pol\u00edticos de estos pa\u00edses son muy diferentes a los nuestros. Y, por la otra, en esos pa\u00edses los primeros ministros est\u00e1n sujetos a los controles propios de un Estado constitucional, tales como el control judicial y la libertad de prensa, y en su calidad de l\u00edderes de partidos pol\u00edticos estructurados tambi\u00e9n tienen que responder permanentemente ante ellos. <\/p>\n<p>Por el contrario, en nuestra regi\u00f3n la Constituci\u00f3n y las leyes se reforman en beneficio propio; los jueces son destituidos, cooptados o intimidados; la prensa es clausurada o censurada, o sus cr\u00edticas respondidas con andanadas de denuestos o de demandas; los partidos pol\u00edticos son estructuras vac\u00edas; el Congreso es dominado; cualquier manifestaci\u00f3n contraria a los intereses del gobierno es tratada como enemiga de los intereses de la naci\u00f3n o el pueblo, etc. \u00bfAcaso no es lo mismo de lo que se lamentaba Garc\u00eda Calder\u00f3n al decir que la autoridad de los caudillos \u201ces inviolable, superior a la Constituci\u00f3n y a las leyes\u201d? <\/p>\n<p>Ya han pasado casi doscientos a\u00f1os desde que los latinoamericanos obtuvimos la independencia pol\u00edtica. Sin embargo, seguimos anclados en muchos problemas del pasado. As\u00ed lo demuestra el eterno resurgimiento del caudillismo que gobierna nuestras instituciones.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Without Chavez there can&#8217;t be chavism, without that one can&#8217;t be refoundation of the republic, without this one there can&#8217;t be security or economic growth.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1022],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-26247","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","subcategory-institutional-strengthening","medium-semana-en","post-scope-aaa-not-blog"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.9 (Yoast SEO v25.9) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>The return of the Leaders - Dejusticia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/the-return-of-the-leaders\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The return of the Leaders\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Without Chavez there can&#039;t be chavism, without that one can&#039;t be refoundation of the republic, without this one there can&#039;t be security or economic growth.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/the-return-of-the-leaders\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Dejusticia\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Dejusticia\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2009-02-04T05:00:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2017-04-11T12:29:23+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Juan Fernando Jaramillo\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@dejusticia\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@dejusticia\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Juan Fernando Jaramillo\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":[\"Article\",\"NewsArticle\"],\"@id\":\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/the-return-of-the-leaders\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/the-return-of-the-leaders\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Juan Fernando Jaramillo\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/#\/schema\/person\/81f1456e4172a1a8318f5e4c83aa40e3\"},\"headline\":\"The return of the Leaders\",\"datePublished\":\"2009-02-04T05:00:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2017-04-11T12:29:23+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/the-return-of-the-leaders\/\"},\"wordCount\":753,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/#organization\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"copyrightYear\":\"2009\",\"copyrightHolder\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/#organization\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/the-return-of-the-leaders\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/the-return-of-the-leaders\/\",\"name\":\"The return of the Leaders - Dejusticia\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2009-02-04T05:00:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2017-04-11T12:29:23+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/the-return-of-the-leaders\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/the-return-of-the-leaders\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/the-return-of-the-leaders\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"The return of the Leaders\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/\",\"name\":\"Dejusticia\",\"description\":\"Centro de Estudios de Derecho, Justicia y Sociedad\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Dejusticia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.dejusticia.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/logo-v1-dejusticia-MC.svg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.dejusticia.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/logo-v1-dejusticia-MC.svg\",\"width\":1,\"height\":1,\"caption\":\"Dejusticia\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Dejusticia\/\",\"https:\/\/x.com\/dejusticia\",\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCbwnwY8oIpHCug4R3KhjewQ\/feed\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/#\/schema\/person\/81f1456e4172a1a8318f5e4c83aa40e3\",\"name\":\"Juan Fernando Jaramillo\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/7e2ce64ed504cb141b3e2e72bf8ba74e02975195655929be68e71d8485b579c3?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/7e2ce64ed504cb141b3e2e72bf8ba74e02975195655929be68e71d8485b579c3?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Juan Fernando Jaramillo\"},\"url\":\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/responsible\/juan-fernando-jaramillo\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"The return of the Leaders - Dejusticia","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/the-return-of-the-leaders\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"The return of the Leaders","og_description":"Without Chavez there can't be chavism, without that one can't be refoundation of the republic, without this one there can't be security or economic growth.","og_url":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/the-return-of-the-leaders\/","og_site_name":"Dejusticia","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Dejusticia\/","article_published_time":"2009-02-04T05:00:00+00:00","article_modified_time":"2017-04-11T12:29:23+00:00","author":"Juan Fernando Jaramillo","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@dejusticia","twitter_site":"@dejusticia","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Juan Fernando Jaramillo","Est. reading time":"4 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":["Article","NewsArticle"],"@id":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/the-return-of-the-leaders\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/the-return-of-the-leaders\/"},"author":{"name":"Juan Fernando Jaramillo","@id":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/#\/schema\/person\/81f1456e4172a1a8318f5e4c83aa40e3"},"headline":"The return of the Leaders","datePublished":"2009-02-04T05:00:00+00:00","dateModified":"2017-04-11T12:29:23+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/the-return-of-the-leaders\/"},"wordCount":753,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/#organization"},"inLanguage":"en-US","copyrightYear":"2009","copyrightHolder":{"@id":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/#organization"}},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/the-return-of-the-leaders\/","url":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/the-return-of-the-leaders\/","name":"The return of the Leaders - Dejusticia","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/#website"},"datePublished":"2009-02-04T05:00:00+00:00","dateModified":"2017-04-11T12:29:23+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/the-return-of-the-leaders\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/the-return-of-the-leaders\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/the-return-of-the-leaders\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"The return of the Leaders"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/#website","url":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/","name":"Dejusticia","description":"Centro de Estudios de Derecho, Justicia y Sociedad","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/#organization","name":"Dejusticia","url":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.dejusticia.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/logo-v1-dejusticia-MC.svg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.dejusticia.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/logo-v1-dejusticia-MC.svg","width":1,"height":1,"caption":"Dejusticia"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Dejusticia\/","https:\/\/x.com\/dejusticia","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCbwnwY8oIpHCug4R3KhjewQ\/feed"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/#\/schema\/person\/81f1456e4172a1a8318f5e4c83aa40e3","name":"Juan Fernando Jaramillo","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/7e2ce64ed504cb141b3e2e72bf8ba74e02975195655929be68e71d8485b579c3?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/7e2ce64ed504cb141b3e2e72bf8ba74e02975195655929be68e71d8485b579c3?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Juan Fernando Jaramillo"},"url":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/responsible\/juan-fernando-jaramillo\/"}]}},"views":200,"translations":[{"es":{"translation_id":"9814","language_code":"es","element_id":"26246","source_language_code":null,"element_type":"post_post","original":"1","post_title":"El regreso de los caudillos","post_status":"publish"},"en":{"translation_id":"9815","language_code":"en","element_id":"26247","source_language_code":"es","element_type":"post_post","original":"0","post_title":"The return of the Leaders","post_status":"publish"}}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26247","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/21"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=26247"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26247\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=26247"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=26247"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=26247"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}