{"id":27919,"date":"2013-04-01T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2013-04-01T05:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.dejusticia.org\/the-political-balance-of-the-reform-to-the-oas-system-of-human-rights\/"},"modified":"2017-04-11T07:56:04","modified_gmt":"2017-04-11T12:56:04","slug":"the-political-balance-of-the-reform-to-the-oas-system-of-human-rights","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/the-political-balance-of-the-reform-to-the-oas-system-of-human-rights\/","title":{"rendered":"The political balance of the reform to the OAS system of human rights"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u201cPese a casi dos a\u00f1os de reflexi\u00f3n y discusi\u00f3n, los pa\u00edses de la regi\u00f3n llegaron sin un acuerdo a la Asamblea General de la OEA convocada para definir el futuro de la Comisi\u00f3n Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (CIDH)\u201d. As\u00ed encabezaron distintos medios de comunicaci\u00f3n su cubrimiento de la marat\u00f3nica reuni\u00f3n de cancilleres realizada el 22 de marzo en Washington DC.  <\/p>\n<p>Esta presentaci\u00f3n, sin embargo, no captura del todo su compleja realidad. En primer lugar, si bien es cierto que no exist\u00eda acuerdo total en todos los pa\u00edses, es innegable que exist\u00eda una inmensa mayor\u00eda que consideraba que la CIDH hab\u00eda respondido satisfactoriamente sus dudas y que, por tanto, quer\u00edan dar por terminado este largo proceso.<\/p>\n<p>Por el contrario, en una posici\u00f3n aislada y minoritaria, Bolivia, Ecuador, Nicaragua y Venezuela (los llamados bloque Alba), pese a que sus propuestas hab\u00edan sido derrotadas, insist\u00edan en mantener abierto un debate sobre las funciones y l\u00edmites del \u00f3rgano de derechos humanos. No exist\u00eda entonces un riesgo de divisi\u00f3n hemisf\u00e9rica. Se trataba de un grupo radical y minoritario frente a un amplio consenso regional.<\/p>\n<p>En segundo lugar, la entrada no da cuenta de que a esta posici\u00f3n se lleg\u00f3 tras un gran esfuerzo. No hay que olvidar que en la Asamblea General de Cochabamba las t\u00edmidas voces de defensa de la CIDH de Estados Unidos, Canad\u00e1 y Costa Rica fueron literalmente acalladas por la euforia colectiva de un grupo de pa\u00edses que ped\u00eda a gritos una reforma. Fue gracias a que la prensa independiente y la sociedad civil de las Am\u00e9ricas, que se dieron a la tarea de defender al sistema de protecci\u00f3n del juego pol\u00edtico de conveniencia de los gobiernos, que se lleg\u00f3 a esta posici\u00f3n mayoritaria del viernes. Los progresistas y protag\u00f3nicos discursos de los cancilleres en la Asamblea General guardan muy poca relaci\u00f3n con los ataques de hace no muchos meses.<\/p>\n<p>Al final de d\u00eda se opt\u00f3 por la t\u00edpica y confusa salida del consenso multilateral. Atrincherado en su posici\u00f3n, el Grupo Alba recurri\u00f3 al chantaje: \u201co se aprueba que mantengamos abierto el proceso, o nos retiramos del sistema\u201d. Casi al punto de una votaci\u00f3n que les auguraba una contundente derrota, Argentina le tir\u00f3 un salvavidas al Alba y se decidi\u00f3 por aclamaci\u00f3n una propuesta que dar\u00e1 a interpretaciones contradictorias: el proceso se cierra, sin perjuicio de que se sigan discutiendo temas centrales del funcionamiento de la CIDH, para lo cual se podr\u00e1 acudir a \u201ctodos los aportes realizados por los Estados Miembros, los \u00f3rganos del SIDH y la sociedad civil a lo largo del proceso de reflexi\u00f3n\u201d.   <\/p>\n<p>No es empezar de nuevo. El proceso de reflexi\u00f3n abierto en Cochabamba est\u00e1 a todas luces cerrado y la experiencia de estos meses demostr\u00f3 a los Estados que las propuestas de debilitamiento del sistema encontrar\u00e1n una f\u00e9rrea oposici\u00f3n en una sociedad que valora lo que hoy por hoy parece ser el \u00fanico atractivo de la OEA.<\/p>\n<p>Pero mantener la discusi\u00f3n abierta ser\u00e1 costoso para todos los involucrados. \u201cLos pa\u00edses no somos los due\u00f1os del sistema interamericano, simplemente somos sus guardianes, los verdaderos due\u00f1os son las v\u00edctimas y los usuarios\u201d, resalt\u00f3 el embajador canadiense en una de sus intervenciones en la Asamblea. Pero con la ambigua decisi\u00f3n del viernes esos guardianes podr\u00edan continuar invirtiendo su rol, lo cual mantendr\u00eda a los usuarios y v\u00edctimas en una posici\u00f3n permanente de defensa.<\/p>\n<p>\u00bfQui\u00e9n gan\u00f3, qui\u00e9n perdi\u00f3? \u00bfQu\u00e9 tanto se fortaleci\u00f3 o debilit\u00f3 el sistema de derechos humanos? Son preguntas que hoy muchos contestan de manera enfrentada. Ecuador pregona una victoria monumental contra uno de los instrumentos del imperio. Otros pa\u00edses se\u00f1alan que el sistema se fortaleci\u00f3 y es hoy en d\u00eda m\u00e1s eficiente, transparente y abierto a la colaboraci\u00f3n con los Estados. Un tercer grupo, representado por organizaciones de la sociedad civil, resalta que el proceso traer\u00e1 consecuencias negativas. Como ejemplo se\u00f1alan que tras la reforma impulsada por la propia Comisi\u00f3n, las medidas de protecci\u00f3n del sistema interamericano (las medidas cautelares) terminaron siendo las m\u00e1s reguladas y dif\u00edciles de solicitar del mundo si se compara con las de Naciones Unidas o las de otros sistemas regionales. Finalmente, otros, como el presidente de la Corte Interamericana, apuntan que nada pas\u00f3, pues nada iba a pasar, como es costumbre en la OEA.<\/p>\n<p>Sin importar desde donde se juzgue, el proceso tuvo costos y tendr\u00e1 consecuencias en un sistema que por acomodar la exigencias de cuatro gobiernos puede debilitar la protecci\u00f3n de las garant\u00edas fundamentales de m\u00e1s de 988 millones de personas. Y quedan, adem\u00e1s, muchas lecciones pol\u00edticas.<\/p>\n<p>La primera de ellas es que los foros de discusi\u00f3n subregional como la Celac, el Unasur y Mercosur, a pesar de su naturaleza repetitiva y confusa, son plataformas de decisi\u00f3n pol\u00edtica con una gran capacidad para moldear acuerdos de impacto regional. En medio d\u00eda de discusi\u00f3n en estos foros, algunos pa\u00edses lograron avanzar propuestas que hubieran tardado meses de discusi\u00f3n en el Consejo Permanente de la OEA. A ellos se volver\u00e1 a recurrir y no solamente para temas de derechos humanos.<\/p>\n<p>Una segunda lecci\u00f3n confirma que el desinter\u00e9s de los Estados Unidos por la pol\u00edtica de este hemisferio ha sido capitalizado por distintos liderazgos y poderes emergentes.  El Alba fue el motor de la discusi\u00f3n y para ello us\u00f3 las plataformas subregionales, pero fueron en \u00faltimas Brasil y M\u00e9xico los que marcaron la pauta de la discusi\u00f3n. Con una fina diplomacia M\u00e9xico logr\u00f3 ganar una legitimidad y confianza que no lograron otros a trav\u00e9s de la presi\u00f3n y el chantaje. Pero se vio, a su vez, limitado por no participar de las discusiones que se cocinaron en Mercosur y Unasur.<\/p>\n<p>Esto deja a Brasil como el gran ganador de esta apuesta: fue quien inici\u00f3 todo el proceso, lo impuls\u00f3 cuando quiso y lo detuvo cuando le fue conveniente. Al final estuvo con la mayor\u00eda, pero sin cerrarle las puertas al Alba. Se convirti\u00f3 en el gran protagonista de la Asamblea General, present\u00f3 un candidato a la CIDH que se da ya como virtualmente elegido, y su Canciller suena desde ahora como el m\u00e1s fuerte candidato a suceder al Secretario General Jos\u00e9 Miguel Insulza. Todo esto, a pesar de un hecho que hoy ya casi todos olvidan: Brasil ni siquiera tiene embajador ante la OEA, pues lo retir\u00f3 para presionar el inicio de este proceso de reflexi\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<p> *Nelson Camilo S\u00e1nchez es investigador de Dejusticia. Tambi\u00e9n es profesor de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia. <\/p>\n<p>En Twitter: @NCamil0Sanchez <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&#8220;Despite almost two years of reflection and discussion, countries in the region arrived with no agreement to the General Assembly of the OAS called to define the future of the Inter American Commission on Human Rights(IACHR).\u201d This was how different media outlets headed their coverage of the marathon meeting of chancellors organized during March 22nd in Washington D.C. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1022],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-27919","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","subcategory-judicial-reform","post-scope-aaa-not-blog"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.9 (Yoast SEO v25.9) - 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