{"id":28113,"date":"2013-08-23T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2013-08-23T05:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.dejusticia.org\/drugs-and-hypocrisy-of-the-state\/"},"modified":"2017-04-11T07:59:55","modified_gmt":"2017-04-11T12:59:55","slug":"drugs-and-hypocrisy-of-the-state","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/drugs-and-hypocrisy-of-the-state\/","title":{"rendered":"Drugs and hypocrisy of the State"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Mucho se ha dicho sobre lo problem\u00e1tica que ha resultado la \u201cguerra contra las drogas\u201d. No solo no ha reducido el consumo, sino que adem\u00e1s ha generado da\u00f1os grav\u00edsimos, como la violencia del narcotr\u00e1fico, que han resultado siendo peores que la enfermedad. Todo esto se ha logrado a trav\u00e9s de una legislaci\u00f3n desproporcionada, que ha llevado a que en Colombia se castigue m\u00e1s duramente el tr\u00e1fico de drogas que una tortura o una violaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<p>Pero esa guerra no solo es ineficaz, contraproducente y desproporcionada; tambi\u00e9n es hip\u00f3crita. <\/p>\n<p>En una investigaci\u00f3n pr\u00f3xima a publicar y en la que participamos Mauricio Garc\u00eda Villegas, Felipe Jim\u00e9nez y yo, evaluamos la capacidad del Estado para sancionar cuatro delitos de drogas: i) la conservaci\u00f3n y financiaci\u00f3n de cultivos, ii) el tr\u00e1fico de sustancias para el procesamiento, iii) el tr\u00e1fico, porte o fabricaci\u00f3n de estupefacientes y iv) el lavado de activos. Cada uno de estos delitos corresponde, a grandes rasgos, a los diferentes eslabones y \u201cclases sociales\u201d al interior de la cadena: los cultivadores, los procesadores, los traficantes y los lavadores. Esta distinci\u00f3n no es del todo exacta (los lavadores son los grandes traficantes, quienes fabrican los estupefacientes trafican sustancias para el procesamiento, etc.) pero es anal\u00edticamente \u00fatil. <\/p>\n<p>La evaluaci\u00f3n de la capacidad de sancionar cada uno de los delitos es indicativa, entonces, de qu\u00e9 tanto se concentra el Estado en sancionar a cada uno de los eslabones o clases sociales al interior de la cadena.<\/p>\n<p>La gr\u00e1fica que pueden descargar abajo (tambi\u00e9n puede ser vista en http:\/\/www.lasillavacia.com\/elblogueo\/blog\/drogas-e-hipocresia-de-estado-45460) muestra esta capacidad (entendida como el porcentaje de condenas respecto del total de ingresos) para los cuatro delitos analizados. Incluimos adem\u00e1s el delito de homicidio, pues sirve como referente para saber c\u00f3mo funciona en general el sistema de justicia. La eficacia para perseguir el homicidio es, adem\u00e1s, muy similar a la eficacia del sistema para perseguir todos los delitos agregados.<\/p>\n<p>Fij\u00e9monos en los dos delitos m\u00e1s extremos: el tr\u00e1fico, fabricaci\u00f3n o porte de estupefacientes y el lavado de activos. Mientras que el Estado condena el 24,2% de los delitos de tr\u00e1fico, fabricaci\u00f3n o porte de estupefacientes, solo condena el 0,6% de los casos de lavado de activos. En materia de homicidios \u2013que sirve como referente del comportamiento general del sistema\u00ad\u2013 el porcentaje de condenas es del 5%.<\/p>\n<p>En principio, la cifra sobre el alto porcentaje de condenas de delitos de tr\u00e1fico, fabricaci\u00f3n o porte de estupefacientes es alentadora. Sin embargo, otras investigaciones, incluyendo esta de Dejusticia, por ejemplo, han mostrado que al perseguir este delito tambi\u00e9n hay \u201cplaya alta\u201d y \u201cplaya baja\u201d: el 98% de las personas privadas de la libertad por este delito lo est\u00e1n por peque\u00f1o tr\u00e1fico, el cual se realiza sin violencia y al cual en muchas ocasiones se acude para enfrentar situaciones de pobreza y exclusi\u00f3n. Equivaldr\u00edan entonces a la clase baja de la cadena.<\/p>\n<p>Mientras que a los m\u00e1s marginados se les encarcela y condena, el lavado de activos \u2013el eslab\u00f3n clave para los capos\u2013 queda pr\u00e1cticamente impune. Y esto no es poca cosa. Es justamente \u00e9ste el paso en el que los capos logran legalizar y gozar de las utilidades del negocio estimadas, seg\u00fan datos y la metodolog\u00eda de este estudio, en alrededor de 9,6 billones de pesos anuales. Esa plata no solamente la disfrutan ellos y, c\u00f3mo no, la reinvierten en el negocio, sino que adem\u00e1s la infiltran en el mercado y las instituciones. Es as\u00ed como los capos logran el poder pol\u00edtico.<\/p>\n<p>Este resultado es alarmante. A pesar de anuncios rimbombantes, capturas medi\u00e1ticas y extradiciones memorables; a pesar de toda la plata que mueve el negocio; a pesar de que este es justamente el paso en el que el narcotr\u00e1fico logra corromper las instituciones y capturar el poder pol\u00edtico, a pesar de todo eso, el Estado no condena la entrada de dineros ilegales al mercado legal y las instituciones. <\/p>\n<p>O tal vez no es a pesar sino precisamente por eso, por el hecho de que para algunos el inmenso chorro del narcotr\u00e1fico es muy importante como para que el Estado lo sancione. Tal vez entonces hay que leer estos resultados no como algo parad\u00f3jico, sino como algo l\u00f3gico: se capturan a unos grandes capos, se les extradita, se llenan las c\u00e1rceles de peque\u00f1os traficantes, pero, eso s\u00ed, la plata sucia no se toca. Hay mucha gente interesada en que el lavado se mantenga tan impune como lo ha sido hasta el momento.<\/p>\n<p>Esta es apenas una hip\u00f3tesis, pero creo que la pregunta es buena. \u00bfQu\u00e9 hay (o qui\u00e9nes est\u00e1n) detr\u00e1s de tanta impunidad en el lavado de activos? <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>There has been a lot of talk about how problematic the \u201cwar against drugs\u201d has resulted. Not only has consumption not been reduced, but it has also generated serious harm, such as the violence related to drug trafficking, which has ended up being worse than the sickness. This has been achieved through disproportionate legislation, which has led to drug trafficking in Colombia carrying a more harsh punishment than torture or rape.  <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":40,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2797],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-28113","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-drug-policy","subcategory-drug-policy","medium-la-silla-vacia-en","post-scope-aaa-not-blog"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.9 (Yoast SEO v25.9) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Drugs and hypocrisy of the State - Dejusticia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/drogas-e-hipocresia-de-estado\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Drugs and hypocrisy of the State\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"There has been a lot of talk about how problematic the \u201cwar against drugs\u201d has resulted. Not only has consumption not been reduced, but it has also generated serious harm, such as the violence related to drug trafficking, which has ended up being worse than the sickness. This has been achieved through disproportionate legislation, which has led to drug trafficking in Colombia carrying a more harsh punishment than torture or rape.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/drogas-e-hipocresia-de-estado\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Dejusticia\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Dejusticia\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2013-08-23T05:00:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2017-04-11T12:59:55+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Jos\u00e9 Espinosa\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@dejusticia\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@dejusticia\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Jos\u00e9 Espinosa\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"NewsArticle\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/drogas-e-hipocresia-de-estado\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/drogas-e-hipocresia-de-estado\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Jos\u00e9 Espinosa\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/#\/schema\/person\/ae6df58d0f0e9bd6d8f5cc012eeb4934\"},\"headline\":\"Drugs and hypocrisy of the State\",\"datePublished\":\"2013-08-23T05:00:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2017-04-11T12:59:55+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/drogas-e-hipocresia-de-estado\/\"},\"wordCount\":828,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/#organization\"},\"articleSection\":[\"Issue-Drug Policy\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"copyrightYear\":\"2013\",\"copyrightHolder\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/#organization\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/drogas-e-hipocresia-de-estado\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/drogas-e-hipocresia-de-estado\/\",\"name\":\"Drugs and hypocrisy of the State - 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