{"id":39780,"date":"2017-03-02T12:48:03","date_gmt":"2017-03-02T17:48:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.dejusticia.org\/?p=39780\/"},"modified":"2017-09-11T12:51:49","modified_gmt":"2017-09-11T17:51:49","slug":"the-pressures-that-healthy-food-activists-face","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/the-pressures-that-healthy-food-activists-face\/","title":{"rendered":"The pressures that healthy food activists face"},"content":{"rendered":"

It is no secret that the work of health activists, particularly those struggling against the tobacco industry, has faced aggressive, illegal and corrupt tactics by the industries they fight.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

En 2009, un informe de la Organizaci\u00f3n Mundial de la Salud<\/a> revel\u00f3 las ocho \u00e1reas de interferencia que de manera m\u00e1s com\u00fan usa la industria tabacalera para detener los esfuerzos de las pol\u00edticas anti-tabaco. Entre ellos se encuentran intentos por deslegitimar mensajes e investigaci\u00f3n cient\u00edfica, manipulaci\u00f3n a los medios de comunicaci\u00f3n, relaciones p\u00fablicas, t\u00e1cticas para ganar control de las agendas p\u00fablicas, cabildeo, uso estrat\u00e9gico de grupos de base o creaci\u00f3n artificial de movimientos de base, intimidaci\u00f3n, y amenazas a profesionales que trabajan en pol\u00edticas de control de tabaco.<\/p>\n

Sin embargo, nadie sospechar\u00eda que los activistas de la alimentaci\u00f3n saludable, que buscan la puesta en marcha de pol\u00edticas que limiten el consumo de alimentos considerados nocivos\u00a0tales como las bebidas azucaradas o la comida chatarra, tambi\u00e9n tengan que enfrentar dichas t\u00e1cticas de juego. Otros tipos de intimidaci\u00f3n, como la infiltraci\u00f3n de comunicaciones y la censura se han convertido en formas recurrentes para detener el trabajo de estos defensores en Am\u00e9rica Latina.<\/p>\n

Al igual que los activistas anti-tabaco, los de la alimentaci\u00f3n saludable se enfrentan a \u00e9lites del poder econ\u00f3mico que temen que ciertas pol\u00edticas p\u00fablicas limiten su rendimiento econ\u00f3mico e influencia. Sin embargo, en lugar de participar en el debate p\u00fablico con argumentos y cifras, dichas \u00e9lites se apoyan en m\u00e9todos ilegales o, aunque legales, \u00e9ticamente reprochables para llevar adelante su agenda. Las siguientes son algunas de las formas de interferencia a su trabajo que los activistas de la alimentaci\u00f3n saludable han enfrentado en el \u00faltimo a\u00f1o en Am\u00e9rica Latina.<\/p>\n

Interceptaciones y software esp\u00eda<\/h2>\n

En 2014\u00a0M\u00e9xico aprob\u00f3 un impuesto a las bebidas azucaradas que buscaba reducir los niveles de obesidad, uno de los mayores del mundo y con mayor consumo per c\u00e1pita de estas bebidas. Recientemente el New York times<\/a>, public\u00f3 que en 2016, justo cuando se discut\u00eda un posible aumento a este impuesto en el Congreso, uno de los acad\u00e9micos del Instituto Nacional de Salud P\u00fablica, as\u00ed como los directores de las organizaciones El Poder del Consumidor y la Fundaci\u00f3n M\u00eddetes, todas ellas organizaciones que apoyaban dicho incremento, fueron blancos de ataques cibern\u00e9ticos a sus celulares.<\/p>\n

Todos habr\u00edan recibido\u00a0mensajes de texto que invitaban a hacer clic en un hiperv\u00ednculo a trav\u00e9s del cual se instalaba un software esp\u00eda en su celular. Dicho programa permit\u00eda copiar mensajes, listas de correo, archivos, grabar im\u00e1genes y voz en tiempo real e\u00a0incluso\u00a0ubicar la localizaci\u00f3n de la persona.<\/p>\n

Censura<\/h2>\n

En 2016\u00a0se discuti\u00f3 en Colombia la posibilidad de incorporar un impuesto similar a estas bebidas. Educar Consumidores, una organizaci\u00f3n reconocida por el trabajo en la imposici\u00f3n de impuestos saludables y pol\u00edticas p\u00fablicas para el consumo sano de alimentos, emiti\u00f3 un comercial<\/a> televisado que mostraba la cantidad de az\u00facar de ciertas bebidas.<\/p>\n

El comercial fue demandado ante la Superintendencia de Industria y Comercio por “publicidad enga\u00f1osa”. La Superintendencia sostuvo que el comercial no contaba con “soporte cient\u00edfico ni m\u00e9dico” que permitiera sustentar la veracidad de sus afirmaciones. Esto, a pesar de que la evidencia cient\u00edfica que muestra la cantidad de az\u00facar de estas bebidas, as\u00ed como sus consecuencias en la salud, es ampliamente conocida y fue expuesta por la organizaci\u00f3n en otros escritos ante esta entidad. La Superintendencia orden\u00f3 a Educar Consumidores cesar la emisi\u00f3n del comercial de manera inmediata, justo en el momento en que el Congreso debat\u00eda la posibilidad del impuesto. Asimismo orden\u00f3 que cualquier otra pieza publicitaria que la organizaci\u00f3n deseara transmitir y que tuviera las palabras “bebidas azucaradas” deb\u00eda ser enviada a la Superintendencia para “control previo”.<\/p>\n

La Superintendencia de Industria y Comercio de Colombia es el ente encargado de regular y vigilar que la normatividad sobre derechos del consumidor se cumpla. Aunque la Superintendencia tiene potestad para recibir y procesar las denuncias por “publicidad enga\u00f1osa” es sorprendente que la Superintendencia haya actuado, no para defender a los consumidores, sino para favorecer a la industria, por medio de la imposici\u00f3n de una sanci\u00f3n tan estricta como es el retiro de un comercial.<\/p>\n

Adicionalmente, el hecho de que haya exigido una remisi\u00f3n previa de todos los contenidos comunicativos relacionados con este tema podr\u00eda constituir un caso de censura previa. La censura previa, que consiste en la prohibici\u00f3n o aprobaci\u00f3n de un material comunicativo con anterioridad a su emisi\u00f3n, est\u00e1 prohibida en Colombia. Este caso fue listado por la Fundaci\u00f3n para la Libertad de Prensa<\/a> como uno de los casos m\u00e1s importantes de censura en Colombia en\u00a02016.<\/p>\n

Un hecho que tambi\u00e9n llama la atenci\u00f3n en este caso es que la denuncia por presunta publicidad enga\u00f1osa haya sido interpuesta por un abogado que fungi\u00f3 como antiguo Superintendente. Aunque en Colombia es legal que antiguos funcionarios p\u00fablicos litiguen luego en favor de intereses privados, y es previsible que las industrias busquen la mejor asesor\u00eda legal posible para la defensa de sus intereses, no deja de ser \u00e9ticamente reprochable, e incluso constituir un posible conflicto de intereses, que quien antes ten\u00eda el deber de proteger los derechos de los consumidores trabajen luego para defender los intereses de la industria, o viceversa.<\/p>\n

\u00bfQu\u00e9 hacer?<\/h2>\n

El Estado tiene el deber de proteger a todos los ciudadanos y grupos de inter\u00e9s de cualquier ataque a sus derechos, as\u00ed como de garantizar un espacio seguro en donde distintos grupos puedan exponer sus ideas y discutir razonablemente libre de interferencias. Este equilibrio se rompe cuando el Estado permite que grupos de poder, econ\u00f3micamente fuertes, usen medios ilegales, corruptos o poco \u00e9ticos para favorecer sus intereses. Los activistas por la salud deben tener la misma protecci\u00f3n en sus derechos a la intimidad, seguridad y acceso a un \u00f3rgano judicial independiente que el resto de ciudadanos. A\u00fan m\u00e1s, en tanto que constituyen una parte d\u00e9bil, sin poder econ\u00f3mico ni influencia pol\u00edtica, deber\u00edan tener una protecci\u00f3n reforzada por parte del Estado que les permita participar en el debate p\u00fablico sin miedos, ni presiones.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Aggressive, illegal and corrupt tactics by the industries they oppose.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":91,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1605],"tags":[4247,2578],"class_list":["post-39780","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-economic-justice","tag-bebidas-azucaradas","tag-derecho-a-la-alimentacion","medium-vice-en","post-scope-aaa-not-blog","post-scope-both-international-national"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nThe pressures that healthy food activists face - Dejusticia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/the-pressures-that-healthy-food-activists-face\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The pressures that healthy food activists face\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Aggressive, illegal and corrupt tactics by the industries they oppose.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/the-pressures-that-healthy-food-activists-face\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Dejusticia\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Dejusticia\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2017-03-02T17:48:03+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2017-09-11T17:51:49+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Diana Guarnizo\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@dejusticia\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@dejusticia\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Diana Guarnizo\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":[\"Article\",\"NewsArticle\"],\"@id\":\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/the-pressures-that-healthy-food-activists-face\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/the-pressures-that-healthy-food-activists-face\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Diana Guarnizo\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/#\/schema\/person\/a29d463cf552994b52648600df449beb\"},\"headline\":\"The pressures that healthy food activists face\",\"datePublished\":\"2017-03-02T17:48:03+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2017-09-11T17:51:49+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/the-pressures-that-healthy-food-activists-face\/\"},\"wordCount\":1086,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/#organization\"},\"keywords\":[\"Bebidas azucaradas\",\"Derecho a la alimentaci\u00f3n\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Issue-Economic Justice\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"copyrightYear\":\"2017\",\"copyrightHolder\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/#organization\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/the-pressures-that-healthy-food-activists-face\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/the-pressures-that-healthy-food-activists-face\/\",\"name\":\"The pressures that healthy food activists face - 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