{"id":39820,"date":"2017-09-04T14:52:13","date_gmt":"2017-09-04T19:52:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.dejusticia.org\/?p=39820\/"},"modified":"2017-09-11T14:54:27","modified_gmt":"2017-09-11T19:54:27","slug":"the-dark-side-of-conservation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/the-dark-side-of-conservation\/","title":{"rendered":"The dark side of conservation"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Last week\u2019s news on the Brazilian government opening up a huge chunk of a natural reserve in the Amazon rainforest to\u00a0mining<\/a>, got me thinking about conservation and the complex issues it brings. Obviously, almost everybody reacted against mining and urged the government to protect and conserve the world’s most important lung. However, it seemed to me there wasn\u2019t much discussion about what type of conservation would be ideal and how to make it happen. Some just blindly stated that conservation was the best, and only, option. And this made me reflect on conservation. \u00a0I do not wish to promote mining over conservation, and I do believe that Temer\u2019s and other Latin American government\u2019s policies on extractive industries should be revised. However,\u00a0this does not mean that strict conservation should not be questioned.<\/p>\n

Evidently, when faced between mining and conservation, most of us would blindly opt for conservation. However, as most modern day issues, there\u2019s always a gray line, and not everything is as good as it seems. Conservation and protected areas are not the utopia that airline magazines and National Geographic documentaries try to sell. A more profound look at what a strict notion of conservation actually entails for communities and the way it generally tips the balance back to powerful players shows that there is, in fact, a dark side of conservation.<\/p>\n

First, let\u2019s talk about the impacts that the protection of biodiversity and natural resources has on the communities that have traditionally occupied these rich ecosystems. A few years ago, in the celebration of the 99th anniversary of the US National Natural Parks,\u00a0Survival International<\/a>, an indigenous rights advocacy organization, launched a campaign named \u201cStop the Con<\/a>\u201d, which was meant to challenge \u201cthe destruction of tribes and their lands in the name of conservation\u201d. The campaign was a reminder that long before national parks became a popular tourist destination, thousands of indigenous and traditional communities were violently evicted from the lands they had inhabited and helped to preserve for decades. The traditional approach to conservation has portrayed it as incompatible with the presence of communities and has worsened the lives of thousands of Native people.<\/p>\n

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\"Yosemite<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Yosemite National Park in the United States. Photo credit:\u00a0nakashi<\/a><\/p>\n

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More than a hundred years ago, the\u00a0Ahwahneechee Indians<\/a>\u00a0who resided in what is now known as Yosemite Park, were expelled from their territory by soldiers who \u201cdiscovered\u201d the valley; those who stayed or came back, were violently evicted by park authorities in 1969. And this trend still goes on today. \u00a0In recent years,\u00a0Dejusticia<\/a>\u00a0has been working for the defense of the\u00a0Endorois<\/a>\u00a0community in Kenya, which was evicted form its ancestral lands to make way for a national reserve and tourist facilities. And just\u00a0last year<\/a>, the government of Botswana announced a shoot on sight policy that ended up hurting and killing several members of the San tribe, who have used the vast Central Kalahari game park as ancient hunting ground.<\/p>\n

This situation is happening all over Asia and Africa; indigenous and traditional communities are continuing to be appallingly treated and abused in the name of a erroneous conservation approach that carries a heavy human cost. Massai groups in Tanzania have been evicted from a 1,500 sq km area close to the Serengeti, Maasai Mara and Ngorongoro national parks. In 2009 3,000 Massai people where left homeless. In northern Thailand, thousands of ethnic Hmong and Karen hill tribes have been classified as \u201cillegal occupants\u201d of the lands they have lived on for centuries and that have now been designated as national parks or natural reserve. In India, the Baigal people have been displaced from the Kanha Tiger Reserve, even though they do not hunt tigers and have lived sustainably in such lands for years.<\/p>\n

Colombia,<\/a>\u00a0however, does not escape this trend. Even though indigenous communities are allowed to live in natural parks (with severe limitations on what they can and cannot do), other prior inhabitants, such as\u00a0peasant communities<\/a>, don\u2019t get the same treatment. Even though thousands of peasant families inhabit national parks, some of them even decades before the park was declared, the government insists that they should be relocated and that their practices (in some cases very similar to those of indigenous communities) are not sustainable and threaten biodiversity and wildlife.<\/p>\n

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\"A<\/span>A Massai group in Kenya. Photo credit:\u00a0<\/span>Simon Cozens<\/a><\/p>\n

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The pressing question is: what are the benefits of this\u00a0people v conservation<\/em>\u00a0approach? Does evicting prior and traditional inhabitants actually favor conservation? The irony is that it doesn\u2019t seem to be working. A\u00a0recent analysis<\/a>\u00a0of 34 protected areas in Africa found that conservation has displaced thousands and led to human rights abuses, but that the wildlife is still declining at alarming rates. As the director of the UK\u2019s Rainforest Foundation has stated, \u201cnot only is the present anti-people model which is being practiced unjust.\u00a0It marginalizes the very people who have protected forests for millennia<\/a>and who represent one of our best hopes for doing so in the future.\u201d<\/p>\n

So, who benefits from this approach? Apparently, the same powerful side that always does. Governments are receiving thousand of resources from declaring protected areas; they\u2019re taking advantage of the billions of dollars offered by global banks, northern governments and foundations for climate change and biodiversity protection, but are not protecting the natural guardians of these lands.<\/p>\n

And they should. Studies of the\u00a0World Resources Institute<\/a>, among others, show that the best way to protect forests and natural ecosystems is by recognizing or granting rights over the land to the communities that inhabit them. Areas in which governments protect communities rights have lower rates of deforestation than those in which the strict\u00a0conservation vs people<\/em>\u00a0approach is put in place. Besides, securing community forest tenure has also\u00a0economic benefits<\/a>, both for society and rural people.<\/p>\n

Moreover, if communities are involved in conservation and can take advantage of the benefits it brings, it\u2019s more likely that they will embrace it and prevent any thing that might threaten it. There are several examples that show that communities and conservation can coexist. For example, in the Colombian amazon, an indigenous community who already had territorial rights over their land asked the government to declare a national park over it, so that it would have a higher protection against mining. This shows that communities can embrace conservation, and that they\u2019re not mutually exclusive.<\/p>\n

The bottom line is that there are many sides to every story. After a more profound look at the idea of conservation, it is not so easy to stand with those who say that the only future for the Amazon is strict conservation. Of course, mining the rainforest is not the way to go. But insisting on a conservation model that has had such a high human cost and that has not necessarily had the expected outcomes is also complicated. We need to start questioning the idea of strict conservation, seeing the money and power dynamics that flow beneath it and working on a new model that works with traditional communities that have acted as guardians of nature for hundreds of years and not against them.<\/p>\n

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Featured photo: \u00a0The Rapazinho Estriado do Oeste bird, discovered in conservation or nearby areas in the Brazilian Amazon.\u00a0Credit:\u00a0EFE\/Fabio Schunck\/World Wildlife Fund.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The conservation of nature and biodiversity is a legitimate goal, but what are the costs and power dynamics behind the traditional idea of \u201cconservation\u201d? 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