{"id":43876,"date":"2018-02-26T08:36:06","date_gmt":"2018-02-26T13:36:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.dejusticia.org\/los-lazos-entre-poder-economico-y-conflicto-un-reto-mayor-para-la-comision-de-la-verdad\/"},"modified":"2018-05-08T17:06:47","modified_gmt":"2018-05-08T22:06:47","slug":"los-lazos-entre-poder-economico-y-conflicto-un-reto-mayor-para-la-comision-de-la-verdad","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/los-lazos-entre-poder-economico-y-conflicto-un-reto-mayor-para-la-comision-de-la-verdad\/","title":{"rendered":"The links between economic power and conflict: a major challenge for the Truth Commission"},"content":{"rendered":"

What was the relationship of complicity between economic sectors and armed groups in the conflict like? In our “Increasing Accountability” report, we reconstruct and reveal new data on this phenomenon, and offer some recommendations to the Truth Commission to address it.<\/i><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Hay una parte del conflicto colombiano que no ha sido contada ni juzgada: los v\u00ednculos entre el poder econ\u00f3mico y los actores armados. Hace doce a\u00f1os, cuando empez\u00f3 el proceso de Justicia y Paz con los paramilitares desmovilizados, se abri\u00f3 una oportunidad para que Colombia empezara a reconstruir ese cap\u00edtulo, pero aun falta mucho. En las confesiones de los comandantes paramilitares salieron a relucir nombres de empresas y empresarios que, en algunos casos, fueron remitidos a la Fiscal\u00eda para iniciar una investigaci\u00f3n. Sin embargo, casi ning\u00fan caso ha ido m\u00e1s all\u00e1 de la etapa preliminar y muy pocos han avanzado a la etapa de juicio penal.<\/p>\n

Hoy, con la implementaci\u00f3n del Acuerdo de Paz entre el Gobierno y la guerrilla de las Farc, el pa\u00eds tiene una nueva oportunidad. Y la Comisi\u00f3n del Esclarecimiento de la Verdad ser\u00e1 clave para ese prop\u00f3sito, no s\u00f3lo porque tiene el papel de reconstruir la verdad sino porque tiene la capacidad de proponer pol\u00edticas de reparaci\u00f3n, justicia y no repetici\u00f3n.<\/p>\n

Las experiencias de otros pa\u00edses han mostrado que las comisiones de la verdad pueden jugar un papel esencial en sacar a la luz hechos que han pasado silenciosos e impunes en los conflictos. En este caso, estamos en mora de saber cu\u00e1l fue el rol que jug\u00f3 la complicidad de los empresarios en la perpetraci\u00f3n de graves violaciones de derechos humanos en el conflicto armado. Creemos que este es un fen\u00f3meno complejo que debe abordarse de manera planificada.<\/p>\n

Por eso, en el informe Cuentas claras: El papel de la Comisi\u00f3n de la Verdad en la develaci\u00f3n de la responsabilidad de empresas en el conflicto armado colombiano<\/em>, que acabamos de publicar, no s\u00f3lo hacemos una reconstrucci\u00f3n de c\u00f3mo naci\u00f3 y se expandi\u00f3 la \u201cparaeconom\u00eda\u201d, sino que le entregamos a la Comisi\u00f3n de la Verdad una serie de recomendaciones para abordar esta problem\u00e1tica.<\/p>\n

Desde hace dos a\u00f1os investigadores Dejusticia y un grupo de acad\u00e9micos del Centro de Estudios Latinoamericanos y el Departamento de Sociolog\u00eda de la Universidad de Oxford (Reino Unido) y Andhes (Argentina), estamos trabajando en analizar y organizar parte de la informaci\u00f3n que existe en el pa\u00eds para responder a esa pregunta. Los datos que procesamos hacen parte de una gran base de datos de la Universidad de Oxford llamada la Corporate Accountability and Transitional Justice Database (CATJ), que incluye 1.204 actores econ\u00f3micos que act\u00faan en 62 pa\u00edses. Las violaciones registradas van desde el holocausto nazi (1933-1945) hasta el a\u00f1o 2013.<\/p>\n

\u00bfQu\u00e9 encontramos en Colombia? Un total de 439 casos de complicidad empresarial mencionados en 35 sentencias de Justicia y Paz de primera instancia, dictadas por los tribunales colombianos hasta el 2015. En el 31% de los casos se le orden\u00f3 a la Fiscal\u00eda iniciar una investigaci\u00f3n oficial pero solo en el 10% de esos casos se inici\u00f3 la acci\u00f3n judicial.<\/p>\n

Sabemos que esos v\u00ednculos no fueron producto de la evoluci\u00f3n del conflicto, sino que existen desde el mismo origen del paramilitarismo. En los a\u00f1os 80, quienes crearon los grupos paramilitares de Puerto Boyac\u00e1 eran empresarios defendiendo sus negocios, como cuenta la periodista Mar\u00eda Teresa Ronderos en su libro Guerras Recicladas<\/i>. Seg\u00fan Ronderos, la financiaci\u00f3n de estos primeros grupos provino de multinacionales como la Texas Petroleum Company, ganaderos y comerciantes de la regi\u00f3n. Y su expansi\u00f3n tambi\u00e9n tuvo relaci\u00f3n directa con el binomio empresarios-grupos armados.<\/p>\n

Este fue, precisamente, el principal modus operandi de esa relaci\u00f3n: la complicidad por v\u00edas indirectas. Aqu\u00ed entran varias modalidades: la financiaci\u00f3n de los grupos armados para que les prestaran servicios de seguridad privada (el m\u00e1s com\u00fan), o el apoyo en otras actividades como proporcionarles listas de sindicalistas o l\u00edderes sociales para que los paramilitares reprimieran la protesta social. El 82% de los casos que analizamos estaban relacionados con este tipo de complicidad.<\/p>\n

La relaci\u00f3n entre empresarios y conflicto se concentr\u00f3 en los sectores de la agricultura (38% de los casos), el comercio (24%) y la explotaci\u00f3n de recursos naturales (10%). Y si se hace un \u201czoom\u201d a esas cifras encontramos que una cuarta parte de esos casos involucran espec\u00edficamente a ganaderos, un 10% a negocios de cultivos agr\u00edcolas (principalmente banano y palma de aceite) y un 3% miner\u00eda.<\/p>\n

Otros hallazgos: el 76% de los casos registrados ocurrieron en seis regiones del noroccidente del pa\u00eds: Antioquia (19%), C\u00f3rdoba (13%), Norte de Santander (8%), Sucre (7%), Urab\u00e1 (18%) y Valle del Cauca (11%). Y estos fueron los bloques m\u00e1s mencionados por articular sus actuaciones con actores econ\u00f3micos: el Elmer C\u00e1rdenas que actuaba en el Urab\u00e1 Antioque\u00f1o (26% de los casos), el Pac\u00edfico (el 11%), el Catatumbo (9%) y el Montes de Mar\u00eda (7%).<\/p>\n

Con estas pistas de c\u00f3mo naci\u00f3 y se consolid\u00f3 este involucramiento, entregamos en el informe \u201cCuentas Claras\u201d una gu\u00eda que busca impulsar el trabajo de la Comisi\u00f3n de Verdad para que pueda revelar una verdad amplia y completa. Sabemos que la reconstrucci\u00f3n de esa parte de nuestra historia requiere un trabajo planificado, estrat\u00e9gico y sensible, para que esta oportunidad no se convierta en un laberinto. Estas son algunas de nuestras recomendaciones para la Comisi\u00f3n de la Verdad:<\/p>\n

-Incluir de manera expresa el tema de complicidad empresarial en graves violaciones de los derechos humanos dentro de la concreci\u00f3n del mandato de la Comisi\u00f3n.<\/p>\n

-Construir un concepto propio de complicidad empresarial.<\/p>\n

-Establecer un grupo multidisciplinario sobre complicidad empresarial.<\/p>\n

-Definir audiencias tem\u00e1ticas y zonales que permitan develar situaciones de complicidad empresarial.<\/p>\n

-Crear incentivos para fomentar la participaci\u00f3n de agentes econ\u00f3micos en el env\u00edo de informaci\u00f3n y brindar testimonios.<\/p>\n

-Incluir en el Informe Final un cap\u00edtulo espec\u00edfico sobre el rol de la complicidad empresarial en el conflicto armado.<\/p>\n

Foto: Archivo El Espectador<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

On Thursday, March 1st, we launched the report “Increasing Accountability: The Role of the Truth Commission in the Disclosure of Corporate Responsibility in the Colombian Armed Conflict.” Free entry with prior registration.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":42152,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1611],"tags":[2296,4580,2284],"class_list":["post-43876","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-transitional-justice","tag-comision-de-la-verdad","tag-empresas","tag-verdad","subcategory-highlight","medium-dejusticia-en","post-scope-aaa-not-blog","post-scope-national-en"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nThe links between economic power and conflict: a major challenge for the Truth Commission - Dejusticia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/los-lazos-entre-poder-economico-y-conflicto-un-reto-mayor-para-la-comision-de-la-verdad\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The links between economic power and conflict: a major challenge for the Truth Commission\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"On Thursday, March 1st, we launched the report "Increasing Accountability: The Role of the Truth Commission in the Disclosure of Corporate Responsibility in the Colombian Armed Conflict." 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