{"id":84177,"date":"2025-01-27T14:54:48","date_gmt":"2025-01-27T19:54:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.dejusticia.org\/entre-ambas-fronteras-un-viaje-por-la-identidad-y-la-soberania-indigena\/"},"modified":"2025-01-28T16:15:53","modified_gmt":"2025-01-28T21:15:53","slug":"straddling-borders-a-journey-of-indigenous-identity","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/straddling-borders-a-journey-of-indigenous-identity\/","title":{"rendered":"Straddling borders: a journey of indigenous identity and sovereignty"},"content":{"rendered":"

Since immemorial, my father\u2019s people, the Potawatomi of the Anishinaabek Nation, have traversed, managed, and lived in peace in the Great Lakes \u2013 the world\u2019s largest freshwater lakes. Known as \u201cthe Firekeepers,\u201d my people have been designated diplomats and treaty negotiators and are destined to maintain the allegory of \u201cFirekeeper.\u201d Maintaining cultural practices tied to land stewardship and social structures of family, the \u2018fire\u2019 is our nation. Fire is resilient, recovering from environmental changes over time if maintained. This resilience is often tested in modern times, as when I stand at the center of my homelands, the modern border of the US and Canada separates us.<\/span><\/p>\n

My ancestral lands have been severed, and each time I stand at the heart of my nation, I sense the profound weight of my people\u2019s history. This border inflicts a deep scar, relegating my people to the status of outsiders on both sides despite our shared history marked by genocide and erasure. My people exist but are defined by the “other.\u2019 I am an Indigenous person on both sides of the border. Labeled as “savage,” \u201cbarbaric,\u201d and \u201cprimitive” within colonial laws, I am subjected to the dual roles of immigrant and citizen to each government.<\/span><\/p>\n

Despite these labels, I am simply Potawatomi. My nation is an Indigenous \u201cfourth-world\u201d nation\u2014a sovereign nation historically denied the right to self-determination and disadvantaged by the so-called \u201cdeveloped\u201d countries. The term \u201cfourth-world\u201d nation highlights the unique status of Indigenous nations that are sovereign yet marginalized within the borders of the modern nation-state.<\/span><\/p>\n

I have crossed the border many times in my life using only my Indigenous status card\u2014a card that distinguishes Indigenous peoples by blood quantum [to practice the rights of the nation\u2019s sovereignty]. Crossing the border is a right granted by the 1794 Jay Treaty between Canada\u2019s Head of State and the U.S. This treaty grants Indigenous nations that straddle the border the right to cross freely, practice Aboriginal rights, and work, live, and study. The U.S. formally recognizes this treaty as legally binding (<\/span>de jure<\/span><\/i>), but Canada treats it as merely customary (<\/span>de facto<\/span><\/i>) without full legal recognition. This is a cynical example of the marginalization of Indigenous peoples\u2019 sovereignty in both Canada and the U.S. To the US this treaty is legally binding with no different interpretations. Ironically, for Canada, it is simply symbolic but not entirely legally binding based on conceptions of Indigenous peoples.<\/span><\/p>\n

To be an \u201cIndigenous\u201d person, I must possess 50% \u201cIndian\u201d blood and prove this with a status card to cross the border. Having to prove this identity allows both sides of the border to regulate our crossings, yet the difference in the Jay Treaty\u2019s legal recognition creates a paradox: Indigenous nations are sovereign, but technically, we are no longer truly sovereign entities. Border crossings make this clear, as we cannot practice our rights freely. Different interpretations of the treaty grant both sides of the border the right to regulate Indigenous affairs, notwithstanding traditional perceptions of sovereignty dictate a foreign nation cannot interfere within a different sovereign nation.<\/span><\/p>\n

The 21st century continues to portray Indigenous peoples as \u201ca thing of the past,\u201d as a people \u201cdominated by the Europeans, civilized by them, or dead by their hatred,\u201d making the impacts of Indigenous genocide clearly persist today. These narratives foster a false belief that we no longer exist or are important. This erasure directly affects the recognition of Indigenous peoples and the challenges we face. Understanding this history is essential to grasp the ongoing violence and discrimination Indigenous communities endure in both Canada and the U.S.<\/span><\/p>\n

This is my story of successfully mobilizing to confront settler-colonial institutions for Indigenous sovereignty. What started with racist actions resulted in something that goes beyond symbolic recognition of Indigenous issues. <\/span> In[3]\u00a0 the fall of 2023, the University of Toronto (UofT)\u2014a global academic institution and Canada\u2019s top university\u2014recognized Indigenous sovereignty by acknowledging the Jay Treaty for all Indigenous students on Canada\u2019s southern border.[6] \u00a0 These treaties are ignored in the domestic law of Canada; however, educational institutes can interpret these treaties for their policies to advance their initiatives with Indigenous peoples.<\/span><\/p>\n

A Milestone of Recognition: UofT\u2019s Steps Towards Reconciliation<\/b><\/p>\n

As a sovereign nation by international law through treaties with the U.S. and Canada, crossing both sides of the colonial border is part of our nation\u2019s sovereign right. Yet, when the treaties are put into practice, the brutal relationship between Indigenous nations and settler-colonial institutions\u2014characterized by ignorance, hate, erasure, and denial of the past\u2014becomes evident, perpetuating the marginalization of Indigenous peoples as a thing of the past.<\/span><\/p>\n

Frustrated by Canada and UofT\u2019s lack of awareness of Indigenous treaties, I decided to voice my concerns with the interlocutor of the university\u2014UofT\u2019s Graduate Student Union (Student Union). The Student Union\u2019s president booked a meeting with me right away. When we met online, she first noted my lack of \u201ctypical\u201d North American Indigenous features.<\/span><\/p>\n

I must have forgotten my braids and feathers at home that day.<\/span><\/p>\n

I brought up the issue of Indigenous sovereignty, and she was unaware of the subject, even though there is a federal mandate through Canada\u2019s Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Truth Commission) to discuss it in educational institutions. Although \u201creconciliation\u201d is supposed to restore the relationship between two entities, I was met with actions that showed anything but.<\/span><\/p>\n

Her response: \u201cEveryone is Indigenous from somewhere,\u201d and to talk about Indigenous issues means \u201cto talk about all people\u2019s issues.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Her comment is not uncommon in the status quo of Canada and the U.S. Yet, remarks like these still hurt people like me deeply. I am racialized into the structure of both nations as an \u201cIndigenous person\u201d and subjected to racial inequality, being seen as poor, uneducated, unequal, and, worst of all, unimportant. By framing Indigenous peoples\u2019 issues as everybody\u2019s issues, it perpetuates the colonial narrative that Indigenous peoples and colonialism are \u201cthings of the past.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Every time I look in the mirror, I see the product of resilience to colonialism and centuries of genocide and violence my ancestors endured, especially in boarding schools. \u201cSave the Man, Kill the Indian\u201d was the infamous policy creating cultural genocide to my ancestors. Years of sexual violence and genocide aimed to make Indigenous peoples \u201cwhite,\u201d resulting in generations of children being assimilated into the dominant culture or murdered.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The ignorance and denial from the Student Union president motivated me to take action. To advocate against this treatment and the dismissal of my concerns, I adopted a tactic commonly used by many Indigenous nations to assert Indigenous sovereignty: promoting change within higher education institutions. The Canadian Truth Commission\u2019s 94 Calls to Action mandate higher education to discuss the past injustices faced by Indigenous peoples to bring reconciliation. This is where UofT\u2019s Office of Indigenous Initiatives, an executive administrative department created by the Truth Commission\u2019s federal mandate to advance Indigenous rights and recognition, played a crucial role. I brought my dialogue with the Student Union president to the Senior Director, an Indigenous womxn.<\/span><\/p>\n

By bringing the topic of treaties to the administration of UofT, the question of settler-colonialism\u2019s impacts on Indigenous nations provided the opportunity to analyze the issue of sovereignty further. The existence of colonial borders has impacted many Indigenous nations. About the Truth Commission\u2019s 94 Calls to Action, the reconciliation of Canada\u2019s relationship with Indigenous peoples needs better implementation in Canadian institutions. By proposing that UofT has the potential to be a leader in this matter, we brought attention to the Student Union\u2019s perception that Indigenous peoples and their issues are a thing of the past.<\/span><\/p>\n

As a result of my situation as an Indigenous student visiting the other side of his homelands, on October 11, 2023, UofT President Eric Gartner officially recognized the Jay Treaty. This recognition is not just a change in policy but a significant step toward acknowledging the rights of Indigenous nations. All Indigenous nations in the U.S. are now considered \u201cdomestic\u201d students for tuition at UofT. The Student Union president was also voted out of her position soon after. As educational institutions in Canada historically assimilated Indigenous peoples, the Student Union president\u2019s ignorance was incompatible with addressing Indigenous students\u2019 concerns.<\/span><\/p>\n

By acknowledging the Jay Treaty, UofT significantly reduces financial burdens for Indigenous students and affirms their sovereignty. This action sets a crucial precedent: Universities can use symbolic gestures and recognition to implement actionable policies that support reconciliation. UofT’s recognition of the Jay Treaty is a form of reconciliation that restores the past relationship between Indigenous nations and Canada outside of state institutions.<\/span><\/p>\n

Indigenous sovereignty is a global struggle that cannot be ignored, denied, or forgotten, as it relates to more than self-determination; it relates to all living beings. Since time immemorial, Indigenous sovereignty has been tied to ancestral lands and the protection of all beings\u2014human and non-human\u2014and the ethical relationship for its longevity for the next seven generations. In an era of climate crisis, Indigenous sovereignty is crucial for the environment, people, animals, and plants. Although this is a small victory for \u201cfourth-world\u201d nations, much more work is needed for reconciliation on a global scale to restore the past injustices of colonialism. I am hopeful that my story can help others who share this same struggle in finding pathways to reconciliation.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u14a6g\u140c\u14a1\u1426<\/b>\u00a0 [Thank You].\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

This text received comments and editorial contributions from Carmen Mestizo, coordinator of the Ethnic-Racial Justice line.<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The 21st century continues to portray Indigenous peoples as \u201ca thing of the past,\u201d as a people \u201cdominated by the Europeans, civilized by them, or dead by their hatred,\u201d making the impacts of Indigenous genocide clearly persist today.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":32,"featured_media":84173,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4491,6754],"tags":[4257,6789,1902,6790],"class_list":["post-84177","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-home_internacional-en","category-news-on-ethnic-racial-justice","tag-identidad","tag-indigenas","tag-pueblos-indigenas","tag-soberania-indigena-en","subcategory-blog-post","subcategory-highlight","subcategory-home_internacional-en","medium-global-rights-blog-en","post-scope-aaa-not-blog","post-scope-internacional-en"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nStraddling borders: a 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