{"id":94660,"date":"2026-01-19T09:51:47","date_gmt":"2026-01-19T14:51:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.dejusticia.org\/?p=94660"},"modified":"2026-01-19T09:51:47","modified_gmt":"2026-01-19T14:51:47","slug":"silvia-rivera-cusicanqui-and-multispecies-justice-in-the-andes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/silvia-rivera-cusicanqui-and-multispecies-justice-in-the-andes\/","title":{"rendered":"Silvia Rivera Cusicanqui and Multispecies Justice in the Andes"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I walk through La Paz and, as usual, the city vibrates with its everyday chaos: vendors call out from crowded streets, minibuses weave around the plazas, the aroma of\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">api<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0drifts from market stalls. In the midst of this urban orchestra, I enter my hotel and prepare to speak with Silvia Rivera Cusicanqui. I listen to\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aylluman Kutiripuna<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0(Let Us Return to the Community), performed by Luzmila Carpio, a Quechua artist whose voice carries the tonalities of the Andes and who has confronted the dilemmas of crossing worlds: singing in Quechua, her mother\u2019s language, or in Spanish, the dominant language of Bolivian modernization. Carpio chose her mother tongue as a deliberate act of weaving ancestral sound into the present.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Carpio\u2019s melodies are political acts. By composing children\u2019s songs in Quechua, she prepared new generations to carry memory into the future; later, through bilingual works, she showed that a heterogeneous society\u2014where Indigenous legacies reconfigure modernity\u2014is possible. Her art intersects with Rivera\u2019s philosophy, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/twailr.com\/twail-review\/issue-1-2020\/paulo-ilich-bacca-the-double-bind-and-the-reverse-side-of-the-international-legal-order-talking-with-silvia-rivera-cusicanqui-and-el-colectivo\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in which one must inhabit contradictions without resolving them<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, turning tension into creation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For more than forty years, Rivera has illuminated the ways in which Andean peoples think with the earth. Her intellectual project insists on the anticolonial power of Indigenous philosophical sources, which include non-human beings whose presence carries normative force. Within this horizon, mountains occupy a privileged place. In Andean thought they are not inert masses of rock but tutelary beings, guardians of memory and everyday legislators. Ritual offerings\u2014<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">chicha<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, coca, textiles, and gold\u2014are juridical acts of reciprocity recognized by their binding authority.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">From this standpoint it becomes possible to rethink the process of colonization of the Americas and the birth of the international legal order. The dominant history traces its origins to papal bulls, the theologians of Salamanca, or the legal rationalizations of empire. But from an Aymara perspective another story emerges: Andean peoples interpreted the arrival of Europeans through their own categories, incorporating the colonial order into their ritual economies.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cerro Rico of Potos\u00ed offers a decisive example. For Europe, it was an engine of modernity: the silver that sustained capitalism and empire. For Andean peoples, it remained a source of law within their own jurisdiction. Ritual offerings maintained obligations and responsibilities, and although extraction transformed the place, generating physical and cultural extermination, it did not erase the mountain\u2019s authority. Catholic saints and Indigenous deities became intertwined, and silver itself was reinserted into ritual cycles.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This dual character\u2014pillar of European capitalism and source of Andean law\u2014reveals the core of <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/publication\/justicia-multiespecie-desde-la-investigacion-anfibia\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">multispecies justice<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in the Andes as it emerged through colonization. The colonial encounter was not only dispossession; it was also persistence and reappropriation. Resistance involved absorbing colonial impositions within Indigenous frameworks and transforming them from within. This perspective complements anticolonial narratives centered on destruction, which, although necessary to expose violence, risk overlooking the creative forms of Indigenous modernities that emerged in the cracks of empire.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An echo appears elsewhere on the planet. Human geographer and political geologist Adam Bobbette recounts how, on the slopes of Mount Merapi in Java, villagers interpreted volcanic activity through stories linking the sultanate to marriages and treaties with deities of the volcano and the sea. Eruptions were understood as consequences of human moral failures, and living with the volcano required rituals. Merapi was a participant in politics and in conceptions of justice. The same occurs in the Andes, where mountains legislate to organize agriculture or retain water. Their agency structures jurisdictions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Before the conquest, the Andean world had already developed sophisticated systems of governance, astronomy, architecture, and law. Colonial domination interrupted these developments, but Indigenous jurisdictions did not disappear. They adapted, entering into dialogue\u2014sometimes coercive, sometimes strategic\u2014with European traditions. Thus, the double bind of Indigenous modernity\u2014being simultaneously inside and outside Western institutions\u2014became a methodological stance.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rivera translates this into Aymara with the expression\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">p\u00e4 chuyma<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: having a soul divided between two impossible mandates. For me, this means reading Western Law from Indigenous cosmologies, what I call <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/revistas.unal.edu.co\/index.php\/maguare\/article\/view\/86199\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">indigenizing international law for multispecies justice<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2014that is, working from that divided soul, recognizing that Indigenous peoples inhabit both their own jurisdictions and Western legal orders. It means assuming that law is relational and that it is forged in tensions that are not resolved but can become productive.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Incommensurability\u2014the fact that Indigenous and Western legal worlds cannot be fully reconciled\u2014is a theoretical and practical strength. Thus, indigenizing international law does not mean replacing one system with another, but allowing them to coexist in tension: letting mountains speak alongside constitutions; allowing the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/publication\/voces-wayuu-del-agua-y-el-viento-encuentros-ontologicos-en-la-guajira-frente-a-la-transicion-energetica\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ritual economies of water and wind<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to challenge extractive regimes; letting multispecies justice unsettle human-centered jurisprudence; and enabling us to critique both Indigenous and Western sources of law without romanticizing them.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In this way, colonization can be thought differently: as a field of tensions in which Indigenous peoples deployed strategies of creative reappropriation. Cerro Rico was simultaneously a colonial mine and a tutelary mountain; Andean modernity emerged as a weave that inhabits the Indigenous and the non-Indigenous, the human and the non-human. In the age of climate emergency, the planet\u2019s future depends on our capacity to listen to those other legislators\u2014disappearing glaciers, drying rivers, erupting volcanoes\u2014and to recognize that their claims are also juridical.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This essay is part of Indigenizing International Law: Multispecies Justice from Inverse Legal Anthropology, a forthcoming book developed over fifteen years between the University of Kent and Dejusticia. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":94661,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1613,1615],"tags":[4782,4734,7715,7716],"class_list":["post-94660","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-anti-discrimination","category-environmental-justice","tag-bolivia","tag-indigenous-peoples","tag-multispecies-justice","tag-silvia-rivera-cusicanqui","subcategory-blog-post","subcategory-highlight","medium-dejusticia-en","medium-el-espectador-en","post-scope-aaa-not-blog","post-scope-international-en"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.9 (Yoast SEO v25.9) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Silvia Rivera Cusicanqui and Multispecies Justice in the Andes - Dejusticia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Inhabiting the tension 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