{"id":95749,"date":"2026-06-25T10:20:13","date_gmt":"2026-06-25T15:20:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.dejusticia.org\/?p=95749"},"modified":"2026-06-25T10:20:13","modified_gmt":"2026-06-25T15:20:13","slug":"whats-the-point-of-an-international-conference-on-agrarian-reform","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/develop.dejusticia.org\/en\/whats-the-point-of-an-international-conference-on-agrarian-reform\/","title":{"rendered":"What\u2019s the Point of an International Conference on Agrarian Reform?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The International Conferences on Agrarian Reform\u2014the<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.agter.org\/bdf\/_docs\/icarrd-declaracion_final_es.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 2006 conference in Porto Alegre<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and the one recently <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www-fao-org.translate.goog\/tenure\/activities\/meetings-events\/icarrd20\/en\/?_x_tr_sl=en&amp;_x_tr_tl=es&amp;_x_tr_hl=es&amp;_x_tr_pto=tc\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">held in Cartagena<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in 2026\u2014may seem like largely ineffective events. Through these conferences, several governments from the Global South and their allies have sought to put agrarian reform back at the center of the international agenda, but they were not designed to adopt a new international treaty, follow up on an existing one, or create a new institution dedicated to the issue, as is the case with most global summits. That being the case, what then is the purpose of these agrarian conferences?\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Many of us who participated in the 2026 Conference are content with an overly optimistic notion that, whatever we do, everything will build momentum toward tangible successes in the future. But exactly where do we want to go? And what must we do to get there? For my part, I believe it\u2019s important to give a precise name to what we\u2019re seeking. Below, I propose two possibilities for your consideration.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>The Lost Global Consensus on Agrarian Reform<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Let me first clarify something: it\u2019s no surprise that these events have such a limited scope, by the standards of other international summits, because the world is against them.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It\u2019s not that agrarian reforms are a bad idea. Quite the contrary. They seek to distribute rural land equitably and shift societal support toward those who work the land directly\u2014which, as comparative evidence has shown, has <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/proassetspdlcom.cdnstatics2.com\/usuaris\/libros_contenido\/arxius\/30\/29564_Los_origenes_sociales.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">deepened democracy<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.economist.com\/asia\/2017\/10\/12\/for-asia-the-path-to-prosperity-starts-with-land-reform\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">economic development<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in modern nations. But this means taking power away from those who have amassed wealth and influence by seizing large tracts of land: capitalists, landowners, and large food corporations that are unwilling to relinquish their privileges.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This did not prevent agrarian reform from becoming a global consensus in the mid-20th century. Communists and capitalists (led by the USSR and the United States, respectively) vied for influence, among other things, by demonstrating who could most easily break the resistance of rural elites through large-scale land redistribution and aid for rural peasant development around the world between the 1950s and 1970s. However, that <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/seeds-of-stability\/1BB7FA9C49D25A9DACB4184D89961434\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cold War-era reformism<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> came to an end with the turn of the century. The Iron Curtain fell, and with it the geopolitical pressure to isolate rural elites out of fear of communism. At the same time, neoliberal doctrines and the boom in extractive industries\u2014including agribusiness\u2014have tipped the balance in favor of landowners and agrarian capitalists.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In other words, even though agrarian reform is a very good idea, even for economic development, it is difficult to rally the entire world to revive it, as occurred half a century ago, because there are not enough global political incentives to challenge the rural elites and their allies. And that\u2019s without even considering that the world\u2019s attention is focused elsewhere: the wars in Iran, Ukraine, and Palestine, and Trump\u2019s authoritarian outbursts.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3><b>Creating &#8220;<\/b><b><i>Soft Law&#8221;<\/i><\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Despite this adverse situation, however, I believe that the Agrarian Reform Conferences are worthwhile. My first argument is that we\u2019re able to produce \u201csoft law\u201d at these types of events.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cSoft law\u201d is how lawyers refer to normative documents that are not yet legally binding, because they have not been adopted through the procedures required by international law for the adoption of treaties. Although they do not bind states, historically they have served as the foundation for building future consensus around norms of international law, or for inspiring new norms at the national level. That is why I like to call them \u201cseeds.\u201d A clear and directly related example is the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/1650694?ln=es&amp;v=pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">International Declaration on the Rights of Peasants<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (UNDROP), adopted by the United Nations. It is not an international treaty, but it proposes a range of rights for peasants that has already been used as a basis to inspire national laws. This was the case in Colombia, where the Congress used it as inspiration to amend a constitutional article that strengthens peasants\u2019 rights. It has also inspired cases of judicial activism: in Honduras, where the Supreme Court used Article 19 to support some of its arguments and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/redanafae.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/INCONSTITUCIONALIDAD-LEY-PROTECCION-DE-OBTENCIONES-VEGETALES-HONDURAS-ENERO-2022-1.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">declare unconstitutional<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> a law that prohibited the informal exchange of seeds; and in Kenya, the Court of Appeals is yet to decide whether to lift the ban on introducing genetically modified plants into the country, following a lawsuit filed by peasant organizations that used the Declaration to interpret domestic constitutional obligations.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">My point is that we can follow the same path by using the official pronouncements of the Agrarian Reform Conferences. Let\u2019s look at just one example to illustrate my point: Recommendation No. 21 of the Cartagena Declaration on Agrarian Reform:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">strengthen the capacities of rural youth to develop their life projects in rural areas by facilitating access to land and other productive assets through inclusive mechanisms that are not limited to inheritance, promoting the right to education, and creating conditions for both agricultural and non-agricultural rural employment.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Today, there is no international treaty that specifies what specific rights young peasants have. Not even the UNDROP. And, at least in the case of my country, Colombia, we do not have constitutional provisions that go in that direction either. But in that declaration that came out of Cartagena, we already have a paragraph with very promising elements. Don\u2019t you think it opens a window to the future?<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><b>Our Political Density<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When I\u2019ve had this conversation about the value of the recent Cartagena Conference, many of my friends who attended have told me that what mattered most\u2014beyond the outcome\u2014was what happened \u201cin the hallways,\u201d or they even mention the \u201cmystique\u201d of the gathering. It\u2019s an unplanned, virtuous effect of this type of event\u2014one that\u2019s hard to put into words\u2014but one that makes many of us feel it\u2019s all worth it.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sandra Botero gave it a name in her <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/courts-that-matter\/D3C2367D64DAD8DACD7A9AEA898D498F\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">studies on activism before the High Courts<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: \u201cpolitical density.\u201d Her idea is this: it\u2019s not enough for a new law or a new ruling to be issued in our favor, because laws don\u2019t enforce themselves; a movement is needed behind them to follow up and pressure institutions to comply with them. And social groups that manage to maintain larger membership, closer ties, higher morale, and a mechanism for renewal to sustain themselves over time are better equipped to do so. In other words, the greater the density, the greater the capacity to exert pressure.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This concept perfectly captures what my friends took away from their participation in Cartagena. They told me they learned new ways to talk about agrarian reform, that they were happy to reconnect with friends and networks they thought were lost, that they were amazed to see young students from Cartagena browsing the conference events, or that they were simply excited to know that their struggles were still relevant. That said, it\u2019s difficult to measure exactly how much we managed to increase the density of our networks, but you can find some signs <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/oad-cealdes.org\/portfolio\/chismecitos-del-icarrd20\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of it<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/oad-cealdes.org\/portfolio\/chismecitos-del-icarrd20\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cICARD+20 Gossip<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/oad-cealdes.org\/portfolio\/chismecitos-del-icarrd20\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> published by the Center for Alternatives to Development.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Many did complain, however, that the chaos of the event and its focus on political statements somewhat undermined that \u201cbehind-the-scenes\u201d interaction where political density is forged. There is also the question of whether it\u2019s actually worth investing so many resources in events of this type, given that we could increase that density in other ways. Perhaps we should keep this in mind for future conferences.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Agrarian Reform Conferences may seem ineffective in a world where everything is stacked against them, but they are worth it. They are breeding grounds for \u201csoft law\u201d that inspires national legislation and serve as a key space for generating the \u201cpolitical density\u201d that keeps peasant struggles alive.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":32,"featured_media":95758,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4491],"tags":[7875,7017,2629,7877,7878,4723,7876,7879],"class_list":["post-95749","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-home_internacional-en","tag-2026-cartagena-conference","tag-agrarian-reform","tag-movimientos-sociales-en","tag-political-density","tag-rural-development","tag-social-movements","tag-soft-law","tag-undrop","subcategory-blog-post","subcategory-highlight","medium-dejusticia-en","post-scope-aaa-not-blog","post-scope-internacional-en","post-scope-international-en"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.9 (Yoast SEO v25.9) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>What\u2019s the Point of an International Conference on Agrarian Reform? - Dejusticia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"What is the point of agrarian reform conferences if they do not result in treaties? 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